Biomaterial-Based Fibrous Implantable Probes for Tissue-Electronics Interface

The tissue-electronics interface is key to ensuring the effectiveness and stability of medical devices in vivo. Biomaterial-based fibrous implantable probes represent immense potential in the human tissue-electronics interface, owing to their unique high aspect ratio structural feature, distinguishing flexibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. This review elucidates the distinctive characteristics of fibrous probes, highlighting their advantages in terms of adaptability, mechanical compliance, and biocompatibility, making them particularly suitable for implantable applications. The design requirements for implantable fibrous probes are thoroughly analyzed, with a comprehensive summary of their preparation, modification, and assembly techniques. Furthermore, their diverse applications, including electrophysiology, chemical sensing, and optogenetics, are explored to highlight their clinical significance and relevance. The latest advancements in fibrous probes are also reviewed, emphasizing the ongoing challenges in improving long-term stability, enhancing functionality, and achieving large-scale fabrication. By addressing these challenges, biomaterial-based fibrous probes hold the potential to deliver transformative solutions to the current limitations in biomedical technology, paving the way for innovative clinical applications.