Guillain-Barré Syndrome in India: A Call for Learning and Cohesive Action

In January 2025, a Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) outbreak was reported in Pune, which quickly spread to other states of India. Though GBS is a rare immune-mediated polyradiculoneuropathy, it is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis globally. Initially described in 1859, knowledge on pathophysiology, disease spectrum, and management has evolved with time. GBS typically develops postinfection, with symptoms emerging within 6 weeks of the infectious trigger. Clinically, GBS commonly presents with bilateral flaccid weakness, often following a monophasic course. However, multiple clinical variants and atypical presentations often lead to delay in diagnosis. Diagnosis of GBS is primarily clinical, with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis and electrodiagnostic tests having a supportive role. The concept of "time is nerve" should be rooted in practice, and immunomodulatory therapy either as intravenous immune globulin (IVIg) or plasma exchange should be initiated at the earliest. Monitoring for respiratory and autonomic function is critical in management, with specific clinical parameters guiding intensive care unit (ICU) transfer. Overall, holistic and multidisciplinary supportive care is key to reduce patient morbidity and mortality. Stakeholder involvement at multiple levels, including community participation, will be key for effective preventive and curative strategies at local and national level.