Alginate-derived antibacterial and antifungal agents: A review of applications and advancements (2019-2025)

Biopolymer-based materials have garnered considerable attention in recent years due to their sustainability, biocompatibility, and broad applicability in biomedical and environmental fields. Among these, alginate, a naturally occurring polysaccharide extracted from brown seaweed, stands out for its excellent film-forming, gelation, and ion-exchange properties. Recently, a significant advancement has been made in the development of alginate-derived antibacterial and antifungal agents, especially for wound care, drug delivery, textile coatings, and food packaging. This review explores the recent advancements and diverse applications of alginate-derived antibacterial and antifungal agents, with a particular focus on research conducted between 2019 and 2025. It highlights the growing significance of alginate-based materials in addressing microbial challenges across biomedical, environmental, and industrial sectors. The review discusses innovative strategies employed to enhance the antimicrobial efficacy of alginate, including the incorporation of nanoparticles, bioactive compounds, and novel fabrication techniques. By presenting a balanced overview of current progress, limitations, and future directions, this review highlights the critical need for sustainable, biocompatible alternatives to conventional antimicrobial agents. Ultimately, it aims to provide valuable insights into the development of eco-friendly alginate-based systems capable of effectively combating bacterial and fungal infections in the face of rising antimicrobial resistance.