Regenerating rural soil and ecosystems: A 15-year systematic review of emerging methods and technologies

Rural soil and ecosystem degradation continue to threaten global food security, biodiversity, and environmental stability. While conventional remediation approaches remain cost-intensive and contextually limited, recent advancements have introduced novel methods and technologies for soil regeneration. This systematic review synthesizes 15 years (2010-2024) of peer-reviewed literature retrieved from the SCOPUS database, focused on emerging regenerative approaches, including bioremediation techniques, agroecological practices, microbial inoculants, biochar applications, and artificial intelligence (AI) and remote sensing-integrated monitoring systems. Emerging technologies are defined here as innovations developed or significantly advanced within the past two decades and demonstrating potential for field-scale application. Bibliometric and thematic analyses were conducted to map trends, collaboration networks, and conceptual thematic developments. A subsequent qualitative synthesis evaluated the effectiveness, scalability, and ecological relevance of these methods across diverse rural settings. Results indicate a significant increase in interdisciplinary research linking agronomy, soil science, ecology, and geospatial science, yet highlight persistent barriers to adoption among smallholder systems and a scarcity of localized, adaptive solutions. Unlike previous reviews, this study uniquely integrates quantitative bibliometric data synthesis with qualitative critical appraisal of real-world applications to provide a comprehensive and practice-oriented approach to soil regeneration pathways. Overall, the findings offer novel insights for designing region-specific strategies and underscore the need for scalable, technology-integrated frameworks that align scientific innovation with traditional knowledge systems. Such integrated approaches can support policymakers, researchers, and practitioners in improving soil health and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.