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Controlled processes in human consciousness represent high-alert mental states where individuals deliberately focus their attention on achieving specific goals. Controlled processes can be seen in situations like mastering new technology, where a person might become so absorbed that they ignore surrounding distractions. Such processes involve selective attention, requiring one to concentrate on particular elements of experience while disregarding others. These are governed by executive...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Design and Implementation of an fMRI Study Examining Thought Suppression in Young Women with, and At-risk, for Depression
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Multivariate neural markers of individual differences in thought control difficulties.

Jacob DeRosa1, Harry R Smolker2, Hyojeong Kim3

  • 1Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Colorado Boulder, USA; Institute of Cognitive Science, University of Colorado Boulder, USA.

Neuroimage. Clinical
|June 24, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Difficulties controlling thoughts are linked to less distinct brain activity patterns across four networks. These neural patterns explain over 30% of thought control difficulties, offering potential biomarkers for interventions.

Keywords:
Cognitive controlCortical gradientsDefault mode networkFrontoparietal networkFunctional connectivityIndividual differencesMulti-voxel pattern analysisRepresentational similarity analysisWorking memory

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Difficulties in thought control are a transdiagnostic feature of mental health disorders.
  • Previous research identified distinct brain activation patterns for four working memory operations: maintaining, replacing, suppressing, and clearing thoughts.
  • These operations are represented across four distinct working memory networks: Visual Network (VN), Somatomotor Network (SMN), Default Mode Network (DMN), and Frontoparietal Control Network (FPCN).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that specific multi-voxel brain activity patterns are associated with individual differences in thought control.
  • To investigate the neural underpinnings of difficulties in regulating thoughts in a non-clinical sample.

Main Methods:

  • Examined multi-voxel patterns of brain activity related to four working memory operations.
  • Assessed thought control difficulty using a composite of three self-report questionnaires in 48 non-clinical participants.
  • Correlated neural patterns with self-reported thought control difficulties.

Main Results:

  • Individuals with higher thought-control difficulty exhibited less distinct multi-voxel patterns for all four operations.
  • The Default Mode Network (DMN) showed less distinct representations for suppression and clear operations in individuals with greater thought-control difficulty.
  • The Frontoparietal Control Network (FPCN), Visual Network (VN), and Somatomotor Network (SMN) displayed more variable representations of multiple operations in those with higher thought-control difficulty.
  • These neural patterns explained over 30% of the variance in self-reported thought difficulties.

Conclusions:

  • Neural patterns associated with working memory operations are linked to difficulties in thought control.
  • These findings highlight the role of specific brain network activity in regulating thoughts and suggest potential neural biomarkers for interventions.
  • The observed associations were specific to working memory operations, not present at rest, emphasizing their relevance for understanding repetitive negative thinking.