Novel insights into the mechanisms of growth cone dynamics during axon pathfinding

The growth cone (GC), a highly specialized and dynamic structure located at the tip of neuronal axons, plays a pivotal role in directing axon elongation and guidance during the formation of neural circuits. The GC's extraordinary ability to navigate toward target cells in a constantly changing environment relies on intricate mechanisms that operate at multiple levels, including cytoskeletal dynamics, activation of membrane proteins, transcriptional regulation, and local protein translation. These processes are finely coordinated, enabling neurons to respond rapidly to external cues, reach their intended targets, and establish functional connections. Dysregulation of these mechanisms can lead to errors in neuronal wiring, potentially contributing to nervous system disorders. This review highlights recent advances in understanding the regulatory mechanisms that orchestrate GC remodeling during axon pathfinding, with a focus on cytoskeletal components, membrane proteins sensing external cues, transcription factors influencing axonal decisions, and local protein synthesis within the GC.