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Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

Fractures: Bone Repair

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

Published on: July 15, 2021

New options and techniques in reconstructing the sacrum.

Radek Kaiser^1,2,3, Alessandro Gasbarrini^4,5, Stefano Pasini⁴

¹Department of Spinal Surgery, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom. rkaiser@hotmail.cz.

European Spine Journal : Official Publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society

|June 24, 2025

Summary

Sacral reconstruction after tumour removal uses advanced techniques like robotic surgery and 3D implants. These methods improve stability and patient function, enhancing quality of life.

Keywords:

3D print Robotic surgery Sacral tumour Sacrectomy Spino-pelvic fixation

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A Teleoperated Robotic System-Assisted Percutaneous Transiliac-Transsacral Screw Fixation Technique

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

Three-dimensional Navigation-guided, Prone, Single-position, Lateral Lumbar Interbody Fusion Technique

Published on: July 15, 2021

Modified Posterior Vertebral Column Resection for Patients with Thoracolumbar Kyphotic Deformity

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A Teleoperated Robotic System-Assisted Percutaneous Transiliac-Transsacral Screw Fixation Technique

A Teleoperated Robotic System-Assisted Percutaneous Transiliac-Transsacral Screw Fixation Technique

Published on: January 6, 2023

Area of Science:

Oncology
Orthopedic Surgery
Reconstructive Surgery

Background:

Sacrectomy for benign and malignant tumours disrupts pelvic stability, causing pain and mobility issues.
Restoring pelvic integrity after sacral tumour resection is critical for patient function.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore innovative sacral reconstruction techniques for primary and secondary sacral tumours.
To enhance functional recovery and quality of life following sacrectomy.

Main Methods:

Review of minimally invasive robotic-assisted surgery for palliative care in metastatic disease.
Application of 3D-printed custom implants for immediate structural support.
Utilisation of vascularised long bone flaps and soft tissue reconstruction (local/free flaps) for pelvic restoration.

Main Results:

Robotic surgery offers precision and reduced exposure, potentially improving recovery.
3D-printed implants provide patient-specific anatomical matching and support.
Combined bony and soft tissue reconstruction facilitates stability and ambulation.

Conclusions:

Advancements in sacral reconstruction empower individualized surgical approaches.
Personalized techniques optimize post-operative outcomes and patient quality of life.