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Undeclared work in agriculture: characteristics, estimation methods, and underlying causes.

Giorgia Giordani¹, Francesca Giarè², Simone Severini³

¹Department of Economics, Engineering, Society and Business, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy.

Frontiers in Sociology

|June 25, 2025

Summary

Undeclared work in agriculture, often linked to worker exploitation, is prevalent. This study analyzes its characteristics and contributing factors, highlighting a need for deeper understanding of individual-level motivations beyond economics.

Keywords:

agricultural employment agricultural workers evaluation methodologies of undeclared work labor standards undeclared work in agriculture

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Area of Science:

Agricultural Economics
Labor Studies
Sociology of Work

Background:

Undeclared work is a significant issue in the agricultural sector, frequently associated with the exploitation of agricultural laborers.
Estimating the extent of undeclared work is challenging due to its clandestine nature, prompting the development of various direct and indirect assessment methodologies.

Purpose of the Study:

To identify the unique characteristics of undeclared work within the agricultural context.
To review methodologies employed in assessing the prevalence of undeclared agricultural labor.
To analyze the underlying reasons for the widespread nature of undeclared work, using Italy as a case study.

Main Methods:

Literature analysis of existing studies on undeclared work in agriculture.
Focus on indirect methods for estimating the phenomenon's extent.
Examination of macro-level factors contributing to undeclared work prevalence.

Main Results:

Agriculture is characterized by non-standard employment, illegal intermediation, poor working/housing conditions, and exploitation, particularly of immigrant workers.
Rural marginality, non-visibility, and a high incidence of work-related deaths are associated with undeclared agricultural labor.
Indirect methods have been predominantly used, with limited focus on individual-level behavioral motivations.

Conclusions:

Existing research on undeclared work (UW) in agriculture is deficient in exploring non-economic behavioral motivations at the individual level.
Further research is essential to gain a comprehensive understanding of undeclared work.
Enhanced knowledge is crucial for developing more effective policies to prevent and mitigate undeclared work in agriculture.