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Related Concept Videos

Cross-bridge Cycle01:26

Cross-bridge Cycle

As muscle contracts, the overlap between the thin and thick filaments increases, decreasing the length of the sarcomere—the contractile unit of the muscle—using energy in the form of ATP. At the molecular level, this is a cyclic, multistep process that involves binding and hydrolysis of ATP, and movement of actin by myosin.
Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions01:22

Isotonic and Isometric Muscle Contractions

Two primary types of muscle contractions are isotonic and isometric, each serving unique functions and involving distinct mechanisms. Both isotonic and isometric contractions are integral to the body's complex system of movement and stability. Isotonic exercises contribute significantly to functional strength and movement, while isometric contractions are crucial for maintaining posture and joint stability.
Isotonic contractions
Isotonic contractions occur when a muscle changes length while the...
Exercise and Muscle Performance01:27

Exercise and Muscle Performance

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Endurance exercises
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Muscles of the Vertebral Column01:27

Muscles of the Vertebral Column

The back muscles that lie deep into the thoracolumbar fascia are called intrinsic or true back muscles. These muscles are divided into four layers: superficial, intermediate, deep, and deepest layers.
Superficial Layer:
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Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation01:21

Peripheral Arterial Disease II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Evaluation

Clinical manifestationsPeripheral Arterial Disease (PAD) manifests through a range of symptoms, from the characteristic intermittent claudication to atypical presentations and severe complications in advanced stages. Intermittent claudication, a hallmark symptom of PAD, presents as exercise-induced muscle pain that typically resolves within minutes of rest. This pain is reproducible and stems from inadequate blood flow, leading to the accumulation of lactic acid produced during anaerobic...
Alterations in Muscle Tone lll01:11

Alterations in Muscle Tone lll

Rigidity and myotonia are distinct abnormalities of muscle tone that affect resistance and relaxation during movement. Although both involve altered muscle contraction, they arise from different neurological and muscular mechanisms.CharacteristicsRigidity is characterized by uniform resistance to passive movement across the entire range, independent of speed, affecting flexors and extensors equally. It may appear as lead-pipe rigidity (smooth, constant resistance) or cogwheel rigidity...

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Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

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Author Correction: High-dose nusinersen for spinal muscular atrophy: a phase 3 randomized trial.

Nature medicine·2026
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Navigating new motor function trajectories: Consensus recommendations for assessment in the era of newborn screening and early treatment in SMA.

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High-dose nusinersen for spinal muscular atrophy: a phase 3 randomized trial.

Nature medicine·2026
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Loss of ambulation in SMA III at the time of disease-modifying treatments: an international study.

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Correction: Serial casting for contractures in SMA: consensus derived guidelines for treatment.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
14:55

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Published on: April 18, 2011

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Wearable-Derived Patterns of Performance Fatigability During Gait in Spinal Muscular Atrophy.

Jacqueline Montes1, Cara H Kanner1, Ton Duong2

  • 1Department of Rehabilitation and Regenerative Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA.

Muscle & Nerve
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Performance fatigability in spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is characterized by specific gait parameter changes. Instrumented insoles reveal subtle fatigue not detected by traditional 6-minute walk tests (6MWT), aiding therapeutic development.

Keywords:
fatiguegait analysisinstrumented insoleneuromuscular disordersix‐minute walk test

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Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 18, 2026

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI
14:55

Methods to Quantify Pharmacologically Induced Alterations in Motor Function in Human Incomplete SCI

Published on: April 18, 2011

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Home-Based Monitor for Gait and Activity Analysis
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Low-Cost Gait Analysis for Behavioral Phenotyping of Mouse Models of Neuromuscular Disease

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Biomechanical Engineering
  • Rehabilitation Medicine

Background:

  • Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a genetic neuromuscular disorder.
  • Disease-modifying therapies exist but do not fully resolve fatigability.
  • Performance fatigability (PF) during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT) remains a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize PF in ambulatory individuals with SMA using instrumented insoles.
  • To identify specific gait parameter changes associated with fatigue in SMA.
  • To compare instrumented insole findings with conventional 6MWT assessments.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study involving ambulatory individuals with SMA (n=14) and healthy controls (HC, n=10).
  • Custom-engineered instrumented insoles collected spatiotemporal and kinetic gait parameters during the 6MWT.
  • Linear mixed models analyzed parameter trends, with slope indicating PF; compared minute 1 vs. minute 6 and between groups.

Main Results:

  • Significant decreases in mean velocity (Vavg) observed, particularly in severe SMA.
  • Fatigue-related changes in stride length (SL), stride velocity (SV), stance phase (%), and terminal double support (%) identified in SMA subgroups.
  • SMA subgroups exhibited downward trends in SL, SV, and anterior-posterior center of pressure (AP-COP) and increased asymmetry (|ASI|) over the 6MWT.
  • Gait parameter trends differed significantly between SMA subgroups and HC, and among SMA severity levels.

Conclusions:

  • Performance fatigability in SMA is evident through measurable changes in gait parameters.
  • Instrumented insoles provide a more sensitive assessment of fatigue than conventional 6MWT methods.
  • Detailed spatiotemporal and kinetic data enhance understanding of SMA impairments and guide therapeutic strategies.