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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Flapping Soft Fin Deformation Modeling using Planar Laser-Induced Fluorescence Imaging
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Research on the Hydrodynamic Performance of Manta Rays Using a 2D CFD Model.

Wenxian Li1,2, Kai Ni2, Cunjun Li1

  • 1Zhoushan Institute of Calibration and Testing for Quality and Technology Supervision, Zhoushan 316021, China.

Biomimetics (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers optimized manta ray swimming by adjusting kinematic parameters. Low-amplitude, high-frequency movements with specific wave numbers maximize thrust and energy efficiency for better hydrodynamic performance.

Keywords:
fluctuating motionkinematicsmanta ray pectoral finspropulsive forcequasi-propulsive efficiency

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Area of Science:

  • Fluid Dynamics
  • Biomechanical Engineering
  • Marine Biology

Background:

  • Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is the primary method for studying manta ray hydrodynamics.
  • Understanding manta ray swimming mechanics is crucial for biomimetic design and ecological studies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of kinematic parameters on manta ray hydrodynamic performance.
  • To determine optimal parameters for maximizing thrust and propulsive efficiency.

Main Methods:

  • A 2D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed and validated.
  • Simulations focused on the effects of wave number, amplitude, and frequency on pectoral fin performance.
  • Orthogonal experiments were conducted to identify peak performance conditions.

Main Results:

  • Optimal energy utilization is achieved with low-amplitude, high-frequency propulsion and an optimal wave number.
  • Maximum thrust of 8.55 N was observed at 1 Hz frequency, 0.3 c amplitude, and 0.4 wave number.
  • Peak quasi-propulsive efficiency reached 82.4% at 0.8 Hz frequency, 0.3 c amplitude, and 0.4 wave number.

Conclusions:

  • Regulating wave number (0.35-0.4), frequency (0.7-0.9 Hz), and amplitude (0.3-0.325 c) enhances performance.
  • This optimal configuration yields thrust > 3.04 N and efficiency > 70.4%.
  • Findings provide insights for designing efficient aquatic locomotion systems.