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Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

Hydroboration-Oxidation of Alkenes

In addition to the oxymercuration–demercuration method, which converts the alkenes to alcohols with Markovnikov orientation, a complementary hydroboration-oxidation method yields the anti-Markovnikov product. The hydroboration reaction, discovered in 1959 by H.C. Brown, involves the addition of a B–H bond of borane to an alkene giving an organoborane intermediate. The oxidation of this intermediate with basic hydrogen peroxide forms an alcohol.

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Preparation of Alcohols via Addition Reactions

Overview
The acid-catalyzed addition of water to the double bond of alkenes is a large-scale industrial method used to synthesize low-molecular-weight alcohols. An acidic atmosphere is required to allow the hydrogen in the water molecule to act as an electrophile and attack the double bond in an alkene. The addition of a proton to the double bond creates a carbocation intermediate. The proton preferentially bonds to the less substituted end of the double bond to create a more stable carbocation...

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

Acid-Catalyzed Dehydration of Alcohols to Alkenes

In a dehydration reaction, a hydroxyl group in an alcohol is eliminated along with the hydrogen from an adjacent carbon. Here, the products are an alkene and a molecule of water. Dehydration of alcohols is generally achieved by heating in the presence of an acid catalyst. While the dehydration of primary alcohols requires high temperatures and acid concentrations, secondary and tertiary alcohols can lose a water molecule under relatively mild conditions.

Oxidation of Alcohols

Oxidation of Alcohols

In this lesson, the oxidation of alcohols is discussed in depth. The various reagents used for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols are detailed, and their mechanism of action is provided.
The process of oxidation in a chemical reaction is observed in any of the three forms:

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Preparation of Aldehydes and Ketones from Alcohols, Alkenes, and Alkynes

Aldehydes and ketones are prepared from alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes via different reaction pathways. Alcohols are the most commonly used substrates for synthesizing aldehydes and ketones. The conversion of alcohol to aldehyde, which involves the oxidation process, depends on the class of the alcohol used and the strength of the oxidizing agent. For instance, primary alcohol will form an aldehyde when treated with a weak oxidizing agent; however, it gets over-oxidized to a carboxylic acid in...

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Reactions of Aldehydes and Ketones: Baeyer–Villiger Oxidation

Baeyer–Villiger oxidation converts aldehydes to carboxylic acids and ketones to esters. The reaction uses peroxy acids or peracids and is often catalyzed by acid. The reaction is named after its pioneers, Adolf von Baeyer and Victor Villiger. The reaction is achieved by a wide range of peracids such as m-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (mCPBA), perbenzoic acid (C6H5COOOH), peracetic acid (CH3COOOH), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH).
The carbonyl center is activated by...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

A Multi-compartment CNS Neuron-glia Co-culture Microfluidic Platform

A Multi-compartment CNS Neuron-glia Co-culture Microfluidic Platform

Published on: September 10, 2009

Constructive Neuroengineering of Crossing Multi-Neurite Wiring Using Modifiable Agarose Gel Platforms.

Soya Hagiwara¹, Kazuhiro Tsuneishi², Naoya Takada¹

¹Department of Pure and Applied Physics, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku 169-8555, Tokyo, Japan.

Gels (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 25, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed a novel agarose gel platform using infrared lasers for real-time, dynamic construction of neuronal networks. This neuroengineering system enables controlled neurite wiring and long-term co-culture for in vitro brain modeling.

Keywords:

agarose gel micropattern bending angle bending microchannel array hippocampal cell neurite elongation control neuron neuronal network formation

More Related Videos

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

Published on: April 15, 2015

Rewiring Neuronal Circuits: A New Method for Fast Neurite Extension and Functional Neuronal Connection

Rewiring Neuronal Circuits: A New Method for Fast Neurite Extension and Functional Neuronal Connection

Published on: June 13, 2017

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Last Updated: May 13, 2026

A Multi-compartment CNS Neuron-glia Co-culture Microfluidic Platform

A Multi-compartment CNS Neuron-glia Co-culture Microfluidic Platform

Published on: September 10, 2009

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

Design, Surface Treatment, Cellular Plating, and Culturing of Modular Neuronal Networks Composed of Functionally Inter-connected Circuits

Published on: April 15, 2015

Rewiring Neuronal Circuits: A New Method for Fast Neurite Extension and Functional Neuronal Connection

Rewiring Neuronal Circuits: A New Method for Fast Neurite Extension and Functional Neuronal Connection

Published on: June 13, 2017

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Biomaterials Engineering
Cellular Engineering

Background:

Stable neuronal networks are crucial for in vitro brain modeling, but current static microfabrication limits dynamic circuit control.
Existing platforms struggle with real-time architectural modifications during cell culture.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a modifiable agarose gel platform for dynamic, real-time construction of neuronal networks.
To enable stepwise fabrication of directional neurite paths, including crossings, under live-cell conditions.
To investigate the benefits of glial co-culture for long-term neuronal network integrity.

Main Methods:

Utilized an infrared (IR) laser system for real-time microstructure fabrication in agarose gel.
Incorporated direct glial co-culture to support neuronal health and network integrity.
Performed dynamic wiring experiments, including sequential channel formation and neurite crossing assessments.

Main Results:

The platform enabled stepwise construction of microchannels, cell chambers, and controlled neurite-neurite crossings.
Glial co-culture significantly enhanced neuronal adhesion, outgrowth, and survival over several weeks.
Neurites successfully extended through newly fabricated channels and crossed existing ones without apparent morphological damage.

Conclusions:

Established a flexible and powerful system for constructive neuroengineering with real-time modification capabilities.
The platform supports long-term neuronal culture and multidirectional wiring for in vitro studies.
Offers new avenues for investigating neural development, synaptic integration, and regeneration.