Biomaterials in Postoperative Adhesion Barriers and Uterine Tissue Engineering

Postoperative adhesions (POAs) are a common and often serious complication following abdominal and gynecologic surgeries, leading to infertility, chronic pain, and bowel obstruction. To address these outcomes, the development of anti-adhesion barriers using biocompatible materials has emerged as a key area of biomedical research. This article presents a comprehensive overview of clinically relevant natural and synthetic biomaterials explored for POA prevention, emphasizing their degradation behavior, barrier integrity, and translational progress. Natural biopolymers-such as collagen, gelatin, fibrin, silk fibroin, and decellularized extracellular matrices-are discussed alongside polysaccharides, including alginate, chitosan, and carboxymethyl cellulose, focusing on their structural features and biological functionality. Synthetic polymers, including polycaprolactone (PCL), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), are also examined for their tunable degradation profiles (spanning days to months), mechanical robustness, and capacity for drug incorporation. Recent innovations, such as bioprinted and electrospun dual-layer membranes, are highlighted for their enhanced anti-fibrotic performance in preclinical studies. By consolidating current material strategies and fabrication techniques, this work aims to support informed material selection while also identifying key knowledge gaps-particularly the limited comparative data on degradation kinetics, inconsistent definitions of ideal mechanical properties, and the need for more research into cell-responsive barrier systems.