Avena sativa as a Multifunctional Tool for Phytoremediation and Bioenergy Production in Sulfentrazone Contaminated...

Phytoremediation using Avena sativa offers a sustainable strategy for mitigating sulfentrazone contamination while integrating bioenergy production. This study proposes an analysis of the bioenergy potential and the microbial metagenomic profile associated with Avena sativa in the presence and absence of sulfentrazone, aiming at the synergistic bioprospecting of microbial communities capable of biodegradation and remediation of contaminated environments. Using a randomized block design, we evaluated the bioenergy potential and rhizospheric microbial dynamics of A. sativa in soils with and without sulfentrazone (600 g ha^-1). Herbicide residues were quantified via UHPLC-MS/MS, and metagenomic profiles were obtained through 16S rRNA gene and ITS region sequencing to assess shifts in rhizospheric microbiota. Microbial diversity was analyzed using the Shannon and Gini-Simpson Indices, complemented by Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Bioenergy yields (biogas and ethanol) were estimated based on plant biomass. Over 80 days, the cultivation of A. sativa promoted a 19.7% dissipation of sulfentrazone, associated with rhizospheric enrichment of plant growth-promoting taxa (Bradyrhizobium, Rhodococcus, and Trichoderma), which increased by 68% compared to uncontaminated soils. Contaminated soils exhibited reduced microbial diversity (Gini-Simpson Index = 0.7), with a predominance of Actinobacteria and Ascomycota, suggesting adaptive specialization. Despite herbicide-induced stress (39.3% reduction in plant height and 60% reduction in grain yield), the biomass demonstrated considerable bioenergy potential: 340.6 m³ ha^-1 of biogas and 284.4 L ha^-1 of ethanol. The findings highlight the dual role of A. sativa in soil rehabilitation and renewable energy systems, supported by plant-microbe synergies. Scalability challenges and regulatory gaps in ecotoxicological assessments were identified, reinforcing the need to optimize microbial consortia and implement region-specific management strategies. These results support the integration of phytoremediation into circular bioeconomy models, balancing ecological recovery with agricultural productivity. Future research should focus on microbial genetic pathways, field-scale validation, and the development of regulatory frameworks to advance this green technology in global soil remediation efforts.