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Related Concept Videos

Bone Structure01:55

Bone Structure

Within the skeletal system, the structure of a bone, or osseous tissue, can be exemplified in a long bone, like the femur, where there are two types of osseous tissue: cortical and cancellous.
Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Bone Remodeling and Repair01:31

Bone Remodeling and Repair

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Correction: Nassar et al. Sol-Gel-Synthesized Metal Oxide Nanostructures: Advancements and Prospects for Spintronic Applications-A Comprehensive Review. <i>Gels</i> 2025, <i>11</i>, 657.

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Correction: Tayari et al. Progress and Developments in the Fabrication and Characterization of Metal Halide Perovskites for Photovoltaic Applications. <i>Nanomaterials</i> 2025, <i>15</i>, 613.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 2, 2026

Fabrication of a Bioactive, PCL-based "Self-fitting" Shape Memory Polymer Scaffold
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Polycaprolactone/Doped Bioactive Glass Composite Scaffolds for Bone Regeneration.

Ana Sofia Pádua1, Manuel Pedro Fernandes Graça2, Jorge Carvalho Silva3

  • 1CENIMAT|i3N, Department of Materials Science, School of Science and Technology, Nova University Lisbon, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.

Journal of Functional Biomaterials
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study explored polycaprolactone (PCL)-based composite scaffolds with doped bioactive glass (BG) for bone regeneration. Zinc-doped BG/PCL scaffolds showed enhanced cell activity and osteogenic differentiation, indicating promise for critical-size bone defects.

Keywords:
bioactive glassbone tissue engineeringcompositescoppermagnesiumniobiumpolycaprolactonetantalumzinc

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Tissue Engineering
  • Regenerative Medicine

Background:

  • Critical-size bone defects pose significant challenges in bone regeneration, necessitating advanced tissue engineering solutions.
  • Polymeric/ceramic composite scaffolds are being investigated to replicate bone's structural and biological functions.
  • Bioactive glasses (BG) offer potential for enhancing bone regeneration due to their osteoconductive properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the impact of various doping oxides in bioactive glass (BG) on polycaprolactone (PCL)-based composite scaffolds.
  • To assess the performance of these scaffolds for bone tissue engineering applications, focusing on biological and mechanical properties.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of PCL-based composite scaffolds using solvent casting, hot pressing, and salt-leaching techniques.
  • Incorporation of 25 wt% BG or BG doped with tantalum, zinc, magnesium, or niobium oxides (4 mol%) and copper oxide (1 mol%).
  • Characterization of scaffolds for morphology, mechanical compression, cytotoxicity, cell adhesion, proliferation, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity.

Main Results:

  • All fabricated scaffolds displayed a porous, interconnected structure suitable for tissue ingrowth.
  • Mechanical compression tests showed increased elastic modulus with ceramic content; doping oxides did not significantly alter mechanical properties.
  • Cytotoxicity assays confirmed the biocompatibility of all scaffolds. Zn-doped BG/PCL scaffolds demonstrated superior cell adhesion and proliferation, with significantly enhanced ALP activity, alongside Nb-doped scaffolds.

Conclusions:

  • Doping bioactive glass with specific oxides can modulate the biological performance of PCL-based composite scaffolds.
  • The Zn-doped BG/PCL composite scaffold emerged as a highly promising material for bone regeneration due to its ability to support cell growth and osteogenic differentiation.
  • Further investigation into Zn-doped BG/PCL scaffolds is warranted for developing effective treatments for critical-size bone defects.