Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones01:26

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Biguanides and Glitazones

310
Biguanides, particularly metformin (Glucophage), are insulin sensitizers that enhance glucose uptake, thereby reducing insulin resistance. Unlike sulfonylureas, metformin doesn't prompt insulin secretion, which helps to curb hypoglycemia risk. Metformin is beneficial in treating conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome due to its insulin-resistance reduction capability. The drug's primary action involves curtailing hepatic gluconeogenesis, a significant contributor to high blood...
310
Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors01:23

Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 Inhibitors

271
Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) is a serine protease widely distributed in the body. It's involved in the inactivation of GLP-1 and GIP hormones, which are crucial for insulin regulation. DPP-4 inhibitors, such as sitagliptin (Januvia), saxagliptin (Onglyza), linagliptin (Tradjenta), alogliptin (Nesina), and vildagliptin (Galvus), help increase the proportion of active GLP-1, enhancing insulin secretion. These inhibitors work by competitively binding to DPP-4. This binding causes a...
271
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors01:19

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: α-Glucosidase Inhibitors

276
α-glucosidase inhibitors, including acarbose (Precose), miglitol (Glyset), and voglibose (Voglib) (primarily available in Asia), are drugs that control blood sugar levels by delaying the digestion of starch and disaccharides. They achieve this by inhibiting α-glucosidase enzymes in the intestine, which slow the absorption of carbohydrates in the intestine, which in turn leads to a prolonged release of the glucoregulatory hormone GLP-1 from intestinal L-cells.
Acarbose and miglitol are...
276
Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists01:24

Glucagon-like Receptor Agonists

435
Incretins include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP), which stimulate insulin secretion post-meals. In type 2 diabetes, GIP's efficacy is reduced, making GLP-1 a viable drug target. GIP originates from preproGIP.
GLP-1, when administered in high doses intravenously, triggers insulin secretion, inhibits glucagon release, slows gastric emptying, reduces food intake, and restores normal insulin secretion. However, its rapid inactivation by...
435
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides01:06

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Glinides

274
Repaglinide (Prandin) and Nateglinide (Starlix), known as glinides, are oral insulin secretagogues that stimulate insulin release from pancreatic β cells by closing the ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP channel). Repaglinide controls insulin release from pancreatic β cells by managing potassium efflux. It shares two binding sites with sulfonylureas and also has a unique site, indicating overlapping mechanisms of action. With a rapid onset and a 4-7 hour duration, it effectively...
274
Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas01:17

Oral Hypoglycemic Agents: Sulfonylureas

353
Sulfonylureas are oral hypoglycemic agents utilized in treating type 2 diabetes. They are characterized by their unique sulfonylurea chemical structure. The family of sulfonylureas is divided into generations. First-generation sulfonylureas, including tolbutamide (Orinase), chlorpropamide (Diabinese), and tolazamide (Tolinase), trigger insulin release from pancreatic β cells and enhance peripheral tissues' insulin sensitivity. The second-generation members, such as glipizide...
353

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Comprehensive Evaluation of Uropathogens' AMR in a Romanian Tertiary Center: Male vs. Female Comparison.

Microorganisms·2026
Same author

Traditional and Modern Predictors of Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease in Patients with T2D and MASLD.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)·2026
Same author

Lipid Signatures Associated with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy in Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes-A Systematic Review.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Uropathogens' AMR in Male and Female Romanian Population-A Bi-Center Analysis over 1 Year.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

Comparative Analysis of Antimicrobial Resistance in Male Uropathogens Before and After the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Study from Romania.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026
Same author

MASLD and Atherosclerosis in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

69.4K

SGLT-2 Inhibitors and Metabolic Outcomes: A Primary Data Study Exploring the Microbiota-Diabetes Connection.

Nicoleta Mihaela Mindrescu1, Cristian Guja1,2, Viorel Jinga1,3

  • 1Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, "Carol Davila" University, 050474 Bucharest, Romania.

Metabolites
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that empagliflozin and sitagliptin improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Empagliflozin demonstrated superior effects on blood sugar and gut microbiota rebalancing, including reducing fungal overgrowth.

Keywords:
chronic stressdietary habitsdysbiosisgut microbiotainsulin resistancelifestyle factorsmetabolic risksedentary behaviortype 2 diabetes mellitus

More Related Videos

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
07:32

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation

Published on: May 26, 2023

4.4K
Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips
05:16

Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips

Published on: November 14, 2020

6.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT
08:13

Study of In Vivo Glucose Metabolism in High-fat Diet-fed Mice Using Oral Glucose Tolerance Test OGTT and Insulin Tolerance Test ITT

Published on: January 7, 2018

69.4K
Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation
07:32

Murine Fecal Isolation and Microbiota Transplantation

Published on: May 26, 2023

4.4K
Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips
05:16

Sleeve Gastrectomy in Mice using Surgical Clips

Published on: November 14, 2020

6.8K

Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Endocrinology
  • Metabolic Diseases

Background:

  • The gut microbiota is integral to metabolic health and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).
  • Microbial dysbiosis can impact glycemic control and systemic inflammation in T2DM patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the effects of empagliflozin and sitagliptin on glycemic control and gut microbiota composition in T2DM patients.
  • To evaluate the impact of these treatments on bacterial and fungal taxa, and inflammation markers.

Main Methods:

  • A randomized, single-center study involving 60 T2DM adults on metformin.
  • Gut microbiota profiling and longitudinal analysis of glucose, HbA1c, and inflammation markers were performed.

Main Results:

  • Both empagliflozin and sitagliptin significantly improved glycemic control (fasting glucose and HbA1c).
  • Empagliflozin showed a greater reduction in HbA1c compared to sitagliptin.
  • Microbiota analysis revealed increased beneficial bacteria and decreased pro-inflammatory taxa with both drugs, with empagliflozin demonstrating more pronounced rebalancing and reduced fungal overgrowth.

Conclusions:

  • Sitagliptin and empagliflozin improve glycemic outcomes and partially restore gut microbial balance in T2DM.
  • Empagliflozin exhibits superior efficacy in modulating both glycemia and gut dysbiosis.