A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Bovine Pestivirus Prevalence and Associated Risk Factors in Latin America

Bovine pestiviruses, namely bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) and HoBi-like pestiviruses (HoBiPevs), are endemic viruses in Latin America, and the disease causes significant losses in the agricultural sector. The present review aims to perform a systematic assessment and meta-analysis of the prevalence of bovine pestiviruses in Latin America and their risk factors. Notable heterogeneity was observed in the analyzed groups, with significant prevalence variations based on age and country. However, no differences were found between temporal trends, production systems, or models. Identified risk factors included age, breed, location, reproductive practices, animal purchase, farm management, and biosecurity measures. This systematic review and meta-analysis of BVDV in Latin America provides critical insights to inform decision-making and strategic actions for disease control in the region. The high serological prevalence of bovine pestivirus across Latin America underscores the urgent need for standardized surveillance programs, biosecurity reinforcement, and targeted vaccination strategies. The presence of HoBiPev further complicates current diagnostic and control measures. Future research should focus on disease transmission dynamics, economic impact assessments, and the effectiveness of intervention programs tailored to the region's diverse livestock production systems.