Bioinspired nanovesicles: efficient targeting of biomaterials with improved anti-infective therapy

Pathogenic bacterial virulence has become a serious public health problem worldwide. The development of novel antibiotics has achieved success in addressing these bacterial infections. Unfortunately, the emergence of multidrug resistance against these antibiotics results in devastating therapeutic effects, leading to a higher mortality rate. By leveraging natural materials, biologics provide creative inspiration for designing and constructing superficial nanomaterials. Bioinspired nanomaterials are promising in biomedical fields, including drug delivery, cell and tissue engineering, cancer therapy, and antibacterial and antiviral activities. Various innovative strategies have been employed for the surface modification of cell membrane nanovesicles (MNVs) with bioinspired receptor-expressing functional proteins and antimicrobial sonodynamic therapeutic (aSDT) entities. This review summarizes the recent advancements in synergistic nanotechnology and biotechnology aimed at designing novel extracellular vesicles (EVs) with potential modification functionalities and a customizable approach for site-specific delivery of small biomolecules and enhanced therapeutic potentials. We also discuss the design concept and synthesis routes of various bioinspired MNVs, such as enzyme-catalyzed nanoplates, sonodynamic nanoliposomes and magnetic microswimmers, and their specific biomedical antibacterial applications. Moreover, future perspectives for the exciting development of such novel nanovesicle-based bio-therapeutics are also provided.