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Related Concept Videos

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview01:20

Inhalational Anesthetics: Overview

543
Inhalation anesthetics are drugs that induce general anesthesia upon inhalation. They work by increasing the sensitivity of GABAA receptors or inhibiting NMDA receptors, leading to a decrease in central nervous system activity. The depth of anesthesia can be rapidly adjusted by changing the concentration of the inhaled gas. Some common examples of inhalational anesthetics include volatile liquids like isoflurane, desflurane, sevoflurane and gases like xenon and nitrous oxide. Isoflurane, a...
543
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

211
Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
211
Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects01:12

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

504
While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...
504
General Anesthesia: Overview01:24

General Anesthesia: Overview

307
Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...
307
Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia01:16

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Intravenous Regional Anesthesia

601
Intravenous regional anesthesia or the Bier block technique is used to anesthetize a specific limb or extremity. It uses exsanguinated or blood-drained vessels to transport local anesthetics or LAs to the peripheral nerve trunks. Lidocaine without vasoconstrictors like epinephrine is most commonly used for this technique. Other drugs used are prilocaine, ropivacaine, and chloroprocaine. Bupivacaine is not recommended for this technique due to its high cardiac toxicity.
One of the advantages of...
601
Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications01:23

Local Anesthetics: Common Agents and Their Applications

563
Local anesthetics (LAs) are commonly used for various applications in medical and dental procedures. Some of the common agents used are cocaine, lidocaine, and bupivacaine.
Cocaine is an ester of benzoic acid and methylecgogine. It is used to anesthetize and vasoconstrict locally. Currently, it is used primarily for topical applications. It is beneficial for surgeries on the upper respiratory tract, providing anesthesia and shrinking the mucosa. Cocaine in the form of cocaine hydrochloride is...
563

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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Nephrotoxicity and Modern Volatile Anesthetics: A Narrative Review.

Benedicte Hauquiert1, Aurelien Gonze1, Thibault Gennart1

  • 1ICU, CHU UCL Godinne Namur, UCL Louvain Medical School, 5530 Yvoir, Belgium.

Toxics
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Volatile anesthetics like sevoflurane can harm kidneys. While nephrogenic diabetes insipidus is reversible, compound A may cause permanent kidney damage.

Keywords:
inorganic fluoridenephrogenic diabetes insipidusnephrotoxicitysevofluranevolatile anesthetics

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Area of Science:

  • Nephrology
  • Anesthesiology
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Volatile anesthetics are used in intensive care.
  • Sevoflurane poses renal safety risks.
  • Inorganic fluoride and compound A are key concerns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the renal adverse effects of volatile anesthetics, focusing on sevoflurane.
  • To differentiate between reversible and potentially irreversible renal injury.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of sevoflurane's impact on renal function.
  • Analysis of pathophysiological mechanisms including fluoride levels and compound A toxicity.

Main Results:

  • High inorganic fluoride levels (>50 µmol/L) correlate with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus, a reversible condition.
  • Compound A causes direct renal tubular and glomerular damage, indicated by albuminuria and elevated α-glutathione-S-transferase.
  • Structural damage from compound A may lead to irreversible renal impairment.

Conclusions:

  • Sevoflurane's renal toxicity involves both inorganic fluoride and compound A.
  • Distinguishing between reversible and irreversible renal injury is crucial for patient management.