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Related Concept Videos

Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Fat-Water Phantoms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Validation: A Flexible and Scalable Protocol
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Open-source, customizable phantom for low-field magnetic resonance imaging.

Kalina V Jordanova1, Stephen E Russek2, Kathryn E Keenan2

  • 1Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, CO, 80305, USA. kalinaj@alumni.stanford.edu.

Magma (New York, N.Y.)
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

An open-source MRI phantom was designed using accessible materials for low-field systems. This reproducible phantom allows for easy modification and validation of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans.

Keywords:
ImagingMagnetic resonance imagingPhantomsReproducibility of results

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Developing standardized phantoms is crucial for MRI research.
  • Accessible and reproducible phantom designs are needed for the broader MRI community.
  • Low-field MRI systems require specific phantom characteristics for accurate assessment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To outline key criteria for designing MRI phantoms.
  • To develop an open-source phantom utilizing readily available materials and fabrication methods.
  • To create a phantom easily reproducible and modifiable by MRI researchers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and prior experience informed phantom design considerations.
  • An open-source phantom was designed, 3D printed, and assembled.
  • Low-field (64 mT) MRI scans (T1- and T2-weighted) were acquired.
  • Image quality metrics including signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), and geometric distortion were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Two design iterations improved material selection and form factor.
  • Clear contrast was observed between phantom samples and background in T1- and T2-weighted images.
  • T2-weighted images demonstrated an 8-10x increase in SNR and CNR compared to T1-weighted images.
  • Geometric distortion remained within one-pixel spacing for all acquired images.

Conclusions:

  • An open-source phantom was successfully created for evaluating low-field MRI scans.
  • The phantom design is amenable to user modification and customization.
  • The phantom facilitates the validation of various MRI-related measurements through user-designed inserts.