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Simulation, Design, and Characterization of a Large Divergent Element Sparse Array (LDESA) for 3-D Ultrasound

Jean-Baptiste Jacquet, Jean-Luc Guey, Pierre Kauffmann

IEEE Transactions on Ultrasonics, Ferroelectrics, and Frequency Control

|June 25, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Large divergent element (LDE) sparse arrays improve signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for ultrasound imaging. This study demonstrates LDE sparse array feasibility for B-mode imaging, enhancing SNR without compromising contrast.

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Area of Science:

Ultrasound imaging
Medical transducer technology
Array signal processing

Background:

Sparse arrays offer manufacturing advantages for large 2-D arrays but typically have low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR).
Large divergent element (LDE) technology enhances SNR by combining large emitting area and angular aperture.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate the feasibility of B-mode imaging using LDE sparse arrays (LDESA).
To increase sparse array SNR without significantly impacting image contrast.

Main Methods:

Simulations using angular impulse response-based ultrasound simulation (AIRUS) for coupled image-transducer optimization.
Optimization of probe parameters (diameter, layout, LDE size, electroacoustic response) to maximize contrast ratio (CR).
Experimental characterization of a 1-MHz LDESA with a Fermat spiral layout.

Main Results:

A 100-mm-diameter Fermat spiral LDESA with 256 LDEs (3.5 mm diameter) was designed and tested.
LDEs achieved an angular aperture of 75° at -6 dB.
The array demonstrated a steerable 1° wide focused beam with minimal amplitude loss and achieved 2.2-mm lateral and 1.8-mm axial resolution.

Conclusions:

LDESA technology successfully enhances SNR for B-mode ultrasound imaging.
The developed LDESA design achieves high resolution and beam steerability, proving its clinical potential.