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The CRISPR-Cas system serves as a bacterial defense mechanism against invading genetic elements such as viruses and plasmids, forming the foundation for its adaptation as a powerful genome-editing tool. Originally discovered in prokaryotes, this system has been repurposed to revolutionize genetic engineering across a wide range of organisms, including plants, animals, and humans. The core component, Cas9, is an endonuclease derived from Streptococcus pyogenes, capable of introducing...
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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR-Cas in the Cheese Industry.

Audrey Leprince1, Sylvain Moineau1,2

  • 1Département de Biochimie, de Microbiologie et de Bio-Informatique, Faculté des Sciences et de Génie and Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec, Canada;

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|June 25, 2025
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Summary

Lactic acid bacteria use CRISPR-Cas systems to defend against phages in cheese production. Understanding these bacterial defenses and phage counter-defenses aids in developing robust industrial strains.

Keywords:
CRISPR-Casanti-CRISPRbacteriophagescheeselactic acid bacteriayogurt

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Bacteriology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are crucial for milk fermentation in the cheese industry.
  • LAB face constant threats from bacteriophages, necessitating phage-resistant strains.
  • Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins are key bacterial defense systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the diversity and function of CRISPR-Cas systems in LAB used in cheese production.
  • To explore phage counter-defense strategies against CRISPR-Cas.
  • To highlight the applications of CRISPR-Cas in the dairy sector.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review focusing on CRISPR-Cas systems in LAB.
  • Analysis of phage counter-defense mechanisms.
  • Examination of CRISPR-Cas applications in industrial dairy settings.

Main Results:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems are widespread and active in LAB, particularly *Streptococcus thermophilus*.
  • *S. thermophilus* and its phages have been instrumental in understanding CRISPR-Cas.
  • Dairy phages employ diverse counter-defense strategies against CRISPR-Cas.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR-Cas systems are vital for phage resistance in industrial LAB.
  • Knowledge of CRISPR-Cas and phage counter-defenses can improve dairy starter cultures.
  • CRISPR-Cas technology offers promising applications for the cheese industry.