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Related Concept Videos

Observational Learning01:12

Observational Learning

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Albert Bandura's observational learning, also known as imitation or modeling, occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior. It is a quicker process than operant conditioning. A well-known example is the Bobo doll study, where children who saw an adult acting aggressively towards the doll were more likely to act aggressively when left alone, compared to those who observed a nonaggressive adult. Many psychologists view observational learning as a form of latent learning...
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Avoidance Learning and Learned Helplessness01:14

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Avoidance learning and learned helplessness are critical concepts in understanding behavioral responses to negative stimuli.
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Learning is the process of acquiring knowledge or skills through practice or experience, leading to long-lasting behavioral changes. This acquisition occurs through interaction with the environment and requires practice or experience. For instance, mastering a skill such as surfing requires considerable practice and experience, highlighting the essential role of repeated interactions with the environment in learning.
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Instinctive Drift01:05

Instinctive Drift

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Instinctive drift refers to the tendency of animals to revert to their innate behaviors despite repeated reinforcement. Breland and Breland demonstrated this concept in an experiment with a raccoon. The raccoon was trained to pick up two coins and place them in a container in exchange for food. Initially, the raccoon learned to associate the coins with food, making them a conditioned stimulus or a substitute for food. However, over time, the raccoon became less willing to put the coins into the...
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Socioemotional Development during Infancy01:30

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Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
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Cognitive Learning01:21

Cognitive Learning

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Cognitive learning is based on purposive behavior, incidental learning, and insight learning.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Quantifying Learning in Young Infants: Tracking Leg Actions During a Discovery-learning Task
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Volatility-driven learning in human infants.

Francesco Poli1,2, Tommaso Ghilardi3, Jana H M Bersee4

  • 1MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.

Science Advances
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Infants adapt learning to environmental changes, using pupil size to track volatility. Individual differences in this adaptive capacity link to temperament, impacting future development.

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Area of Science:

  • Developmental psychology
  • Cognitive neuroscience
  • Human learning

Background:

  • Adapting to change is crucial for human learning.
  • The developmental origins of adaptive learning are not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how infants adapt their learning processes in response to changing environments.
  • To explore the role of pupil size as an indicator of noradrenergic activity in adaptive learning.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an experimental and computational approach to track infant learning.
  • Utilized pupil size measurements to assess tonic and phasic noradrenergic activity.
  • Observed 8-month-old infants' responses to varying environmental volatility.

Main Results:

  • Infants' tonic pupil size reflected environmental volatility.
  • Phasic pupil responses indicated dynamic learning optimization by infants.
  • Successful task performance was demonstrated through anticipatory looking.
  • Individual differences in volatility estimation correlated with infant temperament.

Conclusions:

  • Infants actively adapt their learning based on environmental change.
  • Early differences in adaptive learning capacity are linked to temperament.
  • These early adaptations have implications for long-term cognitive and psychosocial development.