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Related Concept Videos

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies01:30

Acute Coronary Syndrome III: Diagnostic Studies

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Diagnosing acute coronary syndrome or ACS begins with a thorough patient history. Notable symptoms include central, crushing chest pain radiating to the left arm, neck, jaw, or back, along with shortness of breath, sweating (diaphoresis), nausea, vomiting, dizziness, and palpitations.It is crucial to note any history of cardiac illnesses and assess risk factors, including age, gender, smoking, hypertension, diabetes, hyperlipidemia, and a sedentary lifestyle.During physical examination, vital...
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Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests01:27

Atherosclerosis II: Clinical Manifestations and Diagnostic Tests

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Atherosclerosis is a progressive disorder that leads to the thickening and narrowing of arterial walls due to plaque buildup. This condition can cause various symptoms depending on the arteries affected:Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): This condition affects the coronary arteries and may lead to chest pain (angina), shortness of breath (dyspnea), heart attacks, and other heart disease symptoms.Cerebrovascular Disease: This affects blood flow to the brain, causing transient ischemic attacks (TIAs)...
42
Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology01:26

Coronary Artery Disease II: Pathophysiology

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) originates from a series of events that impair the function of coronary arteries, the blood vessels responsible for delivering oxygen-rich blood to the heart muscle. The pathophysiology of CAD is closely linked to atherosclerosis, a chronic inflammatory and lipid-driven condition affecting the vascular endothelium.1. Endothelial DamageThe process begins with damage to the vascular endothelium, which serves as a protective barrier between the blood and the vessel...
42
Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction01:30

Coronary Artery Disease I: Introduction

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Coronary Artery Disease (CAD): An Overview with Scientific InsightsCoronary Artery Disease (CAD), often referred to as C-A-D, is a prevalent blood vessel disorder classified under the broader category of atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a pathological process characterized by the hardening and narrowing of arteries due to the accumulation of atherosclerotic plaques. These plaques are composed of cholesterol, fatty substances, inflammatory cells, calcium, and fibrin, reducing blood flow to...
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Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care01:27

Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care

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Interprofessional care for coronary artery disease includes pharmacological therapy and revascularization procedures.Pharmacological therapy for Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) aims to manage symptoms, prevent complications, and improve patient outcomes through various classes of medications:Antiplatelet Agents:Aspirin and Clopidogrel: These medications inhibit platelet aggregation, preventing blood clots, which is crucial for avoiding heart attacks and strokes. Doctors often prescribe these...
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Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests01:23

Mitral Stenosis II: Clinical features and Diagnostic Tests

39
Mitral stenosis is a heart condition in which the mitral valve, which allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, becomes narrowed or stenotic. This narrowing hinders blood flow and leads to clinical symptoms requiring specific medical evaluations and management strategies. The following overview outlines the clinical symptoms, assessments, diagnostic findings, prevention methods, and treatments for mitral stenosis.Clinical ManifestationsDyspnea (shortness of breath): This...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Oxygenation-sensitive Cardiac MRI with Vasoactive Breathing Maneuvers for the Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Microvascular Dysfunction
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Coronary microvascular dysfunction: Focus on pathophysiological mechanisms and recent diagnostic techniques.

Gianluca Mincione1, Matteo Maurina2, Alice Benedetti3

  • 1Department of Cardiology, Maasstad Hospital, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy; IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.

Cardiovascular Revascularization Medicine : Including Molecular Interventions
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Coronary microvascular dysfunction affects patients without visible blockages. This review explores its causes, new diagnostic tools, and personalized treatments based on patient endotypes.

Keywords:
CoronaryDysfunctionMicrovascular

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Diagnostic Imaging

Background:

  • Traditional interventional cardiology focuses on epicardial coronary artery lesions.
  • A subset of patients presents with symptoms similar to epicardial disease but lacks angiographic evidence.
  • These cases are increasingly recognized as manifestations of coronary microvascular dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathophysiology of coronary microvascular dysfunction.
  • To highlight novel diagnostic approaches for this condition.
  • To discuss emerging therapeutic strategies tailored to specific endotypes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pathophysiology, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
  • Focus on endotype-specific treatment strategies.
  • Exploration of new diagnostic modalities beyond traditional angiography.

Main Results:

  • Coronary microvascular dysfunction represents a distinct clinical entity.
  • Advancements in diagnostic techniques are improving detection rates.
  • Personalized therapeutic strategies based on endotype are showing promise.

Conclusions:

  • Coronary microvascular dysfunction is a significant cause of ischemic symptoms.
  • Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial for effective management.
  • Tailoring treatment to endotypes offers a path towards improved patient outcomes.