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Related Concept Videos

Autism Spectrum Disorder01:19

Autism Spectrum Disorder

357
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition marked by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction alongside restrictive and repetitive behaviors or interests. ASD is sometimes accompanied by intellectual impairment.
These core symptoms manifest differently among individuals, ranging from mild to severe. The disorder's complexity extends beyond its clinical presentation, encompassing a diverse range of biological, cognitive, and sociocultural influences.
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Modeling in Therapy01:26

Modeling in Therapy

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Modeling, a key technique in therapy, uses observational learning to help clients acquire and practice new skills by watching therapists demonstrate desired behaviors. This approach, rooted in Albert Bandura's concept of vicarious learning, plays a significant role in therapeutic interventions for various psychological conditions, including social anxiety, ADHD, and depression.
Participant Modeling
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Testing Sensory and Multisensory Function in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
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Development and Impact of a Communication Module on Eye Examination Testability Among Individuals with Autism

Soundharya Venkatesh1, T S Shwetha2, Salai Dhavamathi Janarthanan1

  • 1Department of Optometry, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India.

Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
|June 25, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new communication module significantly improves eye exam testability in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This Social Story-based tool, available in English and Kannada, enhances visual acuity and other eye assessments for better patient outcomes.

Keywords:
Autism spectrum disorderCommunication moduleEye healthHealth communicationTestability

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Developmental Pediatrics
  • Behavioral Science

Background:

  • Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often face challenges during eye examinations due to communication and sensory processing differences.
  • Standard eye examination protocols may not adequately address the unique needs of children with ASD, leading to reduced testability and potentially missed diagnoses.
  • Effective communication strategies are crucial for improving cooperation and data acquisition in this population.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a communication module using Social Stories for eye examinations in individuals with ASD.
  • To assess the effectiveness of this module in enhancing the testability of various eye tests.
  • To provide a culturally adapted (Kannada and English) tool for broader applicability.

Main Methods:

  • A Social Story-based communication module was created and validated for relevance, appropriateness, understandability, and simplicity.
  • A single-blinded, cross-sectional study involved 30 children (5-10 years) with mild to moderate ASD, randomized into intervention and control groups.
  • The intervention group received orientation with the communication module prior to eye examination by a blinded examiner.

Main Results:

  • The communication module content scored high (4.45-4.78/5) on validation metrics.
  • Testability ranged from 40-100% in the intervention group versus 20-100% in the control group.
  • The intervention group showed significantly higher odds of testability for overall eye examination (OR=2.01) and specific tests (OR=1.96-3.89).

Conclusions:

  • The developed and validated English and Kannada communication modules are effective in improving eye examination testability for individuals with ASD.
  • Social Story-based communication interventions can enhance participation and data quality in pediatric eye care for neurodivergent children.
  • This module offers a practical, adaptable solution for clinicians working with children with ASD, promoting better visual health outcomes.