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Understanding COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy: A Neuroscientific Protocol.

Francesca Pisano¹, Simona Massimino¹, Giuseppe Craparo²

¹Department of Cognitive Science, University of Messina, 98121 Messina, Italy.

|June 26, 2025

Summary

This study explores the neurophysiological and affective underpinnings of vaccine hesitancy (VH). Findings reveal altered sensorimotor resonance and heightened emotional responses in hesitant individuals, informing public health strategies.

Keywords:

COVID-19 electromyography embodiment motor evoked potentials psychological traits psychophysiology research methods skin conductance response vaccine hesitancy virtual reality

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Psychology
Public Health

Background:

Vaccine hesitancy (VH) presents a major public health challenge, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.
Existing research focuses on psychological and socio-political factors, neglecting psychophysiological mechanisms.
This study investigates the neurophysiological and affective processes associated with VH, guided by the Somatic Marker Hypothesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the neurophysiological and affective mechanisms underlying vaccine hesitancy.
To examine sensorimotor resonance and affective responses to vaccination-related stimuli.
To explore the relationship between psychological traits and vaccine hesitancy.

Main Methods:

Experiment 1: Recorded motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) and facial electromyographic (EMG) activity in response to vaccination and blood-related imagery.
Experiment 2: Measured skin conductance response (SCR) during a virtual reality fear conditioning and extinction paradigm.
Assessed psychological traits including disgust sensitivity, paranoia, anxiety, and dogmatism.

Main Results:

Hypothesize altered sensorimotor resonance in vaccine-hesitant individuals.
Anticipate heightened affective responses (disgust, fear) to vaccination stimuli.
Expect impaired fear extinction learning in vaccine-hesitant participants.

Conclusions:

Identifying psychophysiological mechanisms of VH is crucial for public health.
Findings will inform the development of targeted vaccine promotion strategies.
This research addresses a critical gap in understanding vaccine hesitancy.