Epileptic Seizure Detection Using Machine Learning: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Epileptic seizures significantly impact patients' lives due to their unpredictability, making early and accurate detection crucial for effective treatment. Machine learning (ML) models based on electroencephalogram (EEG) signals have been explored for automated seizure detection. This meta-analysis reviews the performance of ML models in seizure detection and analyzes factors such as the model type (deep learning vs. traditional ML), data preprocessing methods, and dataset types.

This study aims to provide an evidence-based foundation for the future development of intelligent tools by evaluating the performance of ML models in detecting epileptic seizures through a meta-analysis.

A systematic search of multiple databases up to April 2025 identified 60 studies and 93 datasets. The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated using Stata 17.0. Subgroup analyses were performed to identify sources of heterogeneity. Publication bias was assessed using Deek's test and funnel plots.

The pooled sensitivity, specificity, and AUC were 0.96 (95% CI 0.95-0.97), 0.97 (95% CI 0.96-0.98), and 0.99 (95% CI 0.98-1.00), respectively, indicating a good performance of ML in seizure detection. Subgroup analyses revealed that the model type, data preprocessing methods, and dataset type contributed to heterogeneity.

ML shows a strong potential for EEG-based seizure detection. Imaging devices integrating ML may serve as effective tools for early epilepsy diagnosis. However, larger, multicenter clinical studies are needed to validate these algorithms and enhance their interpretability, safety, and applicability in real-world clinical settings.