Possible Applications of Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review

Background: The potential therapeutic role of fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) in various diseases has been thoroughly studied over the last few decades. However, the majority of studies focus on the adult population, therefore, conclusions regarding the application of FMT in the pediatric population are much less clear. This systematic review aims to summarize the research conducted so far on the efficacy and safety of FMT in the pediatric population, assess the quality of the evidence of its effectiveness, and outline the most promising areas for future research. Methods: We performed a systematic literature search from the index date to 8 June 2024 on the Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. One author screened the resulting 121 articles. Eventually, 35 eligible studies that reported FMT use in seven different diseases were identified. Results: All of the studies assessed FMT as a safe procedure without many serious adverse effects. The best-documented application, which is the only one recommended in official guidelines, is recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection. Other disease entities in which the use of FMT has been studied with good clinical effects are inflammatory bowel disease, allergic colitis, autism, Tourette syndrome, and colonization with multi-drug-resistant organisms. However, it should be noted that the majority of studies are cohort and case-control studies, without randomization, which translates into low evidence quality. In one randomized, controlled trial focusing on the effect of FMT on weight loss in obese individuals, a lack of effect was found. Conclusions: While FMT and subsequent iterations of gut microbiota-targeted interventions hold promising therapeutic potential for various disease entities in the pediatric population, the current evidence behind this conclusion is of low quality. Based on current studies, these methods appear to be both effective and safe. However, further randomized clinical trials are necessary, especially within the pediatric population, for which such studies remain scarce.