A Review of Bioelectrochemical Strategies for Enhanced Polyhydroxyalkanoate Production

The growing demand for sustainable bioplastics has driven research toward more efficient and cost-effective methods of producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs). Among the emerging strategies, bioelectrochemical technologies have been identified as a promising approach to enhance PHA production by supplying electrons to microorganisms either directly or indirectly. This review provides an overview of recent advancements in bioelectrochemical PHA synthesis, highlighting the advantages of this method, including increased production rates, the ability to utilize a wide range of substrates (including industrial and agricultural waste), and the potential for process integration with existing systems. Various bioelectrochemical systems (BES), electrode materials, and microbial strategies used for PHA biosynthesis are discussed, with a focus on the roles of electrode potentials and microbial electron transfer mechanisms in improving the polymer yield. The integration of BES into PHA production processes has been shown to reduce costs, enhance productivity, and support the use of renewable carbon sources. However, challenges remain, such as optimizing reactor design, scaling up processes, and improving the electron transfer efficiency. This review emphasizes the advancement of bioelectrochemical technologies combined with the use of agro-industrial waste as a carbon source, aiming to maximize the efficiency and sustainability of PHA production for large-scale industrial applications.