A Dual-Feature Framework for Enhanced Diagnosis of Myeloproliferative Neoplasm Subtypes Using Artificial Intelligence

Myeloproliferative neoplasms, particularly the Philadelphia chromosome-negative (Ph-negative) subtypes such as essential thrombocythemia, polycythemia vera, and primary myelofibrosis, present diagnostic challenges due to overlapping morphological features and clinical heterogeneity. Traditional diagnostic approaches, including imaging and histopathological analysis, are often limited by interobserver variability, delayed diagnosis, and subjective interpretations. To address these limitations, we propose a novel framework that integrates handcrafted and automatic feature extraction techniques for improved classification of Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms. Handcrafted features capture interpretable morphological and textural characteristics. In contrast, automatic features utilize deep learning models to identify complex patterns in histopathological images. The extracted features were used to train machine learning models, with hyperparameter optimization performed using Optuna. Our framework achieved high performance across multiple metrics, including precision, recall, F1 score, accuracy, specificity, and weighted average. The concatenated probabilities, which combine both feature types, demonstrated the highest mean weighted average of 0.9969, surpassing the individual performances of handcrafted (0.9765) and embedded features (0.9686). Statistical analysis confirmed the robustness and reliability of the results. However, challenges remain in assuming normal distributions for certain feature types. This study highlights the potential of combining domain-specific knowledge with data-driven approaches to enhance diagnostic accuracy and support clinical decision-making.