MicroRNAs in Preeclampsia: An Overview of Biomarkers and Potential Therapeutic Targets

Preeclampsia (PE) remains a significant obstetric challenge, having complex pathophysiology and limited early diagnostic and therapeutic options. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as critical regulators in PE, offering insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying placental dysfunction and impaired maternal adaptation. Differentially expressed miRNAs in both placental tissue and maternal circulation, such as miR-155, play key roles in regulating angiogenesis, trophoblast invasion, and inflammatory pathways, all of which are central to the development of PE. Ongoing investigations increasingly highlight miRNAs as promising non-invasive molecular indicators for the early diagnosis and risk stratification of PE. Furthermore, therapeutic strategies targeting miRNA pathways using mimics or inhibitors show promise in correcting molecular dysfunctions and improving maternal and fetal outcomes. However, clinical translation faces several challenges, including targeted delivery, off-target effects, and the assessment of long-term efficacy. Overall, miRNAs hold significant potential as both diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents, marking a promising direction for improving care in PE pregnancies.