Update on HDM Allergy: Principal Changes over the Years.

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Allergology
• Epidemiology

Background:

• House dust mites (HDMs) are significant indoor allergens triggering allergic rhinitis, asthma, and atopic dermatitis.
• Key HDM allergens include Der p 1, Der p 2, and Der p 23, implicated in allergic disease pathogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the epidemiology, classification, and pathophysiology of HDM allergy.
• To discuss current and emerging allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) strategies.
• To highlight advancements in personalized AIT approaches.

Main Methods:

• Literature review of epidemiological data, microbiological classifications, and pathophysiological mechanisms.
• Analysis of current research on allergen-specific immunotherapy (AIT) and its efficacy.
• Examination of novel diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic strategies.

Main Results:

• HDM allergy prevalence is increasing worldwide.
• Specific IgE to total IgE (sIgE/tIgE) ratio and regulatory follicular T cell profiles are emerging biomarkers for AIT efficacy.
• Recombinant allergens and peptide-based formulations represent promising new AIT approaches.

Conclusions:

• Optimizing diagnostics and treatment strategies for HDM allergy is essential.
• Personalized medicine, guided by predictive biomarkers, is advancing AIT.
• Continued research is vital to improve patient care and outcomes for HDM allergy.