Endocrine and Metabolic Mechanisms Linking Obesity to Type 2 Diabetes: Implications for Targeted Therapy

Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are interrelated chronic conditions whose global prevalence continues to rise, posing significant clinical and socioeconomic challenges. Their pathophysiological intersection-commonly referred to as "diabesity"-is sustained by a complex interplay of mechanisms, including visceral adipose tissue inflammation, macrophage polarization, disrupted insulin signaling, and adipokine imbalance. These processes contribute to chronic low-grade systemic inflammation, impair pancreatic β-cell function, and exacerbate glucose intolerance. This review critically explores the mechanistic connections between obesity and T2DM, with a focus on recent advances in pharmacological therapies-such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, SGLT2 inhibitors, and dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists-alongside evidence-based lifestyle modifications and bariatric procedures. By integrating current translational and clinical findings, we aim to provide a comprehensive perspective to support the development of more effective and individualized treatment strategies for diabesity.