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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Progression02:07

Tumor Progression

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Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...
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Cancer-Critical Genes II: Tumor Suppressor Genes01:05

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Cancer Therapies02:49

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Cancer Prevention02:59

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Several factors can increase the risk of cancer in an individual. About 50% of cancer cases can be prevented by adopting a healthy lifestyle, regular exercise, eating healthy, and following a modest cancer prevention diet. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that populations with vegetable and fruit-rich diets have reduced the incidence of cancer. On the other hand, populations who have a diet rich in animal fat, red meat, junk food, or high calories are predisposed to cancer.
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Changes in Mammary Gland Morphology and Breast Cancer Risk in Rats
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Update in Breast Cancer.

Melissa McNeil1

  • 1Division of General Internal Medicine, Brown University, Narragansett, RI, USA.

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This clinical update reviews recent literature to inform primary care practitioners on breast cancer screening and treatment. It highlights key publications that may impact women

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Primary Care Medicine
  • Women's Health

Background:

  • Clinical practice guidelines for women's health require regular updates.
  • Primary care settings are crucial for early detection and management of diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify recent literature that could change clinical practice in women's health.
  • To focus on advancements in breast cancer screening and treatment for primary care.

Main Methods:

  • Literature search of high-impact medical and women's health journals.
  • Inclusion of national guidelines and curated review sources (ACP JournalWise, NEJM Journal Watch).

Main Results:

  • Selected recent publications relevant to breast cancer management.
  • Identified literature with potential to influence clinical practice.

Conclusions:

  • This update provides primary care practitioners with current evidence on breast cancer.
  • The selected literature aims to enhance the quality of care in women's health.