Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions01:14

Drug Metabolism: Phase II Reactions

4.2K
Phase II reactions are essential for the detoxification and elimination of drugs from the body. These reactions involve the conjugation of parent drugs or their phase I metabolites with endogenous molecules, resulting in more hydrophilic drug conjugates. The primary conjugation reactions in this phase are sulfation and glucuronidation. Both sulfation and glucuronidation typically produce biologically inactive metabolites. However, in some cases involving prodrugs, active metabolites may be...
4.2K
Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation01:22

Phase II Reactions: Glutathione Conjugation and Mercapturic Acid Formation

397
Glutathione, a tripeptide made up of glutamate, cysteine, and glycine, is a critical player in the detoxification of drugs and xenobiotics via a process known as glutathione conjugation or mercapturic acid formation. This phase II biotransformation reaction involves the covalent binding of glutathione to a drug or its metabolite, enhancing the compound's water solubility and enabling its excretion.
Several distinctive characteristics distinguish glutathione conjugation from other phase II...
397
Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions01:17

Drug Metabolism: Phase I Reactions

3.7K
A phase I reaction is a biochemical process that introduces a functionally reactive polar group to a substance. This transformation predominantly occurs in the liver, facilitated by the cytochrome P450 system of hemoproteins situated in the lipophilic endoplasmic reticulum of cells. The metabolite generated through this process can have varying polarities. If it is sufficiently polar, it can be easily excreted in the urine due to its water compatibility. However, if the metabolite is nonpolar,...
3.7K
Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation01:24

Phase II Reactions: Glucuronidation

847
Glucuronidation, a pivotal phase II biotransformation process, involves the coupling of glucuronic acid to a drug or xenobiotic. Given its widespread occurrence and critical role in drug metabolism, it's considered the most crucial phase II reaction. It enhances the water solubility of substances, aiding their expulsion from the body. The driving force behind these reactions is a group of enzymes known as UDP-glucuronosyltransferases (UGTs). UGTs facilitate the transfer of a glucuronic acid...
847
What is Metabolism?00:52

What is Metabolism?

117.9K
Overview
117.9K
Overview of Protein Metabolism01:21

Overview of Protein Metabolism

1.9K
Proteins are broken down into amino acids during digestion. Unlike fats and carbohydrates, which are stored for later use, proteins are not. Instead, amino acids are either used to produce ATP through oxidation or contribute to the creation of new proteins for the growth and repair of the body. Any surplus amino acids from the diet are converted into glucose or triglycerides rather than excreted.
Amino acids play various roles in the body once they are absorbed into cells. They are restructured...
1.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Considerations on the risk assessment of genetically modified plants containing transformation events stacked by conventional crossing.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026
Same author

Assessment of genetically modified soybean FG72 for renewal authorisation under Regulation (EC) No 1829/2003 (dossier GMFF-2025-33580).

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026
Same author

Safety of zinc l-carnosine as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283 and bioavailability of zinc from this source in the context of Directive 2002/46/EC.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026
Same author

Assessment of the 2025 post-market monitoring report of genetically modified oilseed rape 73496.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026
Same author

Safety of nonapeptide-pentapeptide mixture as a novel food pursuant to regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026
Same author

Safety of L-alpha-glycerylphosphorylcholine (L-alpha-GPC) from soya phospholipids (lecithin) as a novel food pursuant to Regulation (EU) 2015/2283.

EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Cost-Effective Transcriptomic Drug Screening - Unlocking New Targets
06:40

Author Spotlight: Cost-Effective Transcriptomic Drug Screening - Unlocking New Targets

Published on: February 23, 2024

1.5K

The German Metabolite Project - A Review.

Nadja Buchner1, Jens Arne Andresen2, Ingrid Brand3

  • 1Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety, Berlin 10832, Germany.

Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
|June 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

German government laboratories improved monitoring of complex plant protection product residues by collaborating on a metabolite project. This initiative enhanced analytical standard availability and expanded official control capabilities for consumer protection.

Keywords:
complex residue definitionsdata reprocessinggas chromatographyhigh-resolution mass spectrometryliquid chromatographymass spectrometrymetabolitesmethod implementationpesticide residuesplant protection productsvalidation

More Related Videos

A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample
11:17

A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample

Published on: June 1, 2017

35.6K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Metabolomics Analysis of Rare Hematopoietic Stem Cells
08:28

Author Spotlight: Advancing Metabolomics Analysis of Rare Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Published on: February 23, 2024

2.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Cost-Effective Transcriptomic Drug Screening - Unlocking New Targets
06:40

Author Spotlight: Cost-Effective Transcriptomic Drug Screening - Unlocking New Targets

Published on: February 23, 2024

1.5K
A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample
11:17

A Simple Fractionated Extraction Method for the Comprehensive Analysis of Metabolites, Lipids, and Proteins from a Single Sample

Published on: June 1, 2017

35.6K
Author Spotlight: Advancing Metabolomics Analysis of Rare Hematopoietic Stem Cells
08:28

Author Spotlight: Advancing Metabolomics Analysis of Rare Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Published on: February 23, 2024

2.1K

Area of Science:

  • Food Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Regulatory Science

Background:

  • European Commission continuously defines new complex residue definitions for plant protection products.
  • Monitoring maximum residue levels is crucial for consumer protection but faces challenges.
  • Official control laboratories struggle with identifying relevant metabolites, obtaining analytical standards, and accessing method information.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address the challenges in monitoring complex residue definitions for plant protection products.
  • To improve the identification and quantification of relevant metabolites in food.
  • To enhance the capabilities of official control laboratories in residue analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Collaborative project initiated by German government control laboratories (German metabolite project).
  • Method implementation, screening, and quantitation data collection.
  • Reprocessing of full-scan data sets and validation (initial and ongoing).

Main Results:

  • Significant improvement in the availability of analytical reference standards for specific metabolites.
  • Enhanced communication between laboratories and analytical standard manufacturers.
  • Increased capability of laboratories to monitor complex residue definitions and report findings.
  • Screening methods proved effective in extending the scope of official controls.

Conclusions:

  • The German metabolite project successfully improved the monitoring of complex residue definitions.
  • Enhanced collaboration and improved analytical standard availability are key to effective residue analysis.
  • Screening methods play a vital role in expanding the scope and efficiency of official food safety controls.