Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

17.9K
LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
The internal coding region of LTR retrotransposons and their mechanism of transposition closely resembles a...
17.9K
Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

11.9K
As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
11.9K
Retroviruses02:33

Retroviruses

12.7K
Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
12.7K
Overview of Transposition and Recombination02:13

Overview of Transposition and Recombination

16.1K
Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
16.1K
DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

14.8K
DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
The donor site from where the transposon is excised is either degraded or...
14.8K
Transposons01:24

Transposons

181
Transposons, or "jumping genes," are small mobile genetic elements (MGEs) that range from 700 to 40,000 base pairs in length. They are found in all organisms and can move within the same chromosome or transfer to different chromosomes. In some cases, transposons can also jump between different host DNA molecules, such as plasmids or viruses, contributing to genetic variability.Barbara McClintock first discovered these mobile genetic elements in the 1940s while studying maize genetics, and she...
181

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Outcomes of enhanced recovery after surgery in laparoscopic colorectal surgery: a systematic outcome mapping study and descriptive analysis to inform a core outcome set.

International journal of surgery (London, England)·2025
Same author

Dual-target CRISPR-Cas12 diagnostics based on asymmetrically chemical-modified DNA probe.

Journal of genetics and genomics = Yi chuan xue bao·2025
Same author

Influence of Fe Vacancy on the Bonding Properties of γ-Fe (111)/α-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> (0001) Interfaces: A Theoretical Study.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Influence of Cr- and Co-Doped CaO on Adsorption Properties: DFT Study.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Exploring How Dopants Strengthen Metal-Ni/Ceramic-Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Interface Structures at the Atomic and Electronic Levels.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Enhancement Strategies of Calcium Looping Technology and CaO-Based Sorbents for Carbon Capture.

Small (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2025
Same journal

RNA polymerase II phosphorylation dynamics: from molecular mechanisms to human disease.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

Impact of interspecies colostrum and milk replacement on circulating sncRNA dynamics of neonatal goat kids.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

The role of RNA modifications in cancer translational control.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

Discovery of a mutation-containing circRNA in polyglutamine disease through systematic analysis of RNAs with CAG repeats.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

FDA-approved antisense oligonucleotide therapies for duchenne muscular dystrophy: current status and future outlook.

RNA biology·2026
Same journal

The RNA binding protein ZFP36L2 displays tissue-selective mRNA targeting in mice.

RNA biology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
11:52

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

8.5K

Biology and utilization of R2 retrotransposons.

Shengqiu Luo1,2, Qicheng Chen1,2, Yangcan Chen1,3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration and Reconstruction, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.

RNA Biology
|June 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

R2 elements are mobile genetic sequences that integrate into ribosomal DNA. Their unique properties are inspiring new genome engineering and biotechnological tools for targeted gene integration.

Keywords:
R2 retrotransposonsRNAgene integrationgenome engineeringmechanismprotein domainsreverse transcriptionribozyme

More Related Videos

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
11:04

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

10.1K
Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR
10:54

Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR

Published on: July 27, 2019

8.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level
11:52

Analysis of LINE-1 Retrotransposition at the Single Nucleus Level

Published on: April 23, 2016

8.5K
RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level
11:04

RNA Next-Generation Sequencing and a Bioinformatics Pipeline to Identify Expressed LINE-1s at the Locus-Specific Level

Published on: May 19, 2019

10.1K
Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR
10:54

Detection of Retrotransposition Activity of Hot LINE-1s by Long-Distance Inverse PCR

Published on: July 27, 2019

8.7K

Area of Science:

  • Genetics and Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • R2 elements are non-long terminal repeat (non-LTR) retrotransposons found in animal genomes.
  • They specifically target ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequences for integration.
  • R2 elements encode a multifunctional protein essential for their mobility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the components and integration mechanisms of R2 retrotransposons.
  • To highlight recent advances in using R2 elements for targeted gene integration.
  • To explore future applications of R2 elements in biotechnology.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of R2 element research.
  • Analysis of R2 element structure and function.
  • Discussion of target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) mechanism.

Main Results:

  • R2 elements utilize a single open reading frame (ORF) for their functions.
  • The R2 protein possesses nucleic acid-binding, reverse transcriptase, and endonuclease activities.
  • Target-primed reverse transcription (TPRT) enables precise genomic integration.

Conclusions:

  • R2 elements are valuable models for studying retrotransposition.
  • Their precise integration capabilities offer potential for genome engineering.
  • R2 retrotransposons represent promising novel biotechnological tools.