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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization
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Semantic surprise predicts the N400 brain potential.

Alma Lindborg1, Lea Musiolek2, Dirk Ostwald3

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.

Neuroimage. Reports
|June 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study shows that semantic surprise, modeled using Bayesian learning, predicts the N400 brainwave component. This finding supports the idea that our brains use probabilistic semantic representations for language comprehension.

Keywords:
Bayesian modellingElectrophysiologyLanguageN400Semantics

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Computational Linguistics
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Understanding how the brain processes language meaning is a key challenge in neuroscience.
  • The N400 event-related potential (ERP) is a well-established electrophysiological marker of semantic processing, but its underlying computational mechanisms remain debated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To test the hypothesis that the N400 reflects semantic surprise within a probabilistic model of language comprehension.
  • To investigate the relationship between a computational model of semantic surprise and electrophysiological measures of language processing.

Main Methods:

  • A Bayesian sequential learner model was developed to quantify semantic surprise on a trial-by-trial basis.
  • EEG data from 40 participants in a semantic oddball paradigm were analyzed.
  • Model-derived semantic surprise was correlated with N400 amplitudes and compared to a baseline model.

Main Results:

  • Model-derived semantic surprise significantly predicted N400 amplitude, outperforming a non-probabilistic model.
  • The effect of semantic surprise on EEG was localized to the N400 time window.
  • The spatial topography of the semantic surprise effect matched the canonical N400 topography.

Conclusions:

  • The findings provide strong evidence for the role of probabilistic semantic representations in generating the N400.
  • This study supports the hypothesis that surprise, within a probabilistic framework, is a key component of language comprehension.
  • The results highlight the utility of computational modeling in understanding the neural basis of cognitive processes.