Next-generation neurotherapeutics: nanotechnology, immunotherapy, and gene editing for neurodegenerative diseases

Neurodegenerative disorders (NDDs), characterized by gradual decline of neuronal function and structure, present a major threat to global public health. Recent advances in neuropharmacology have opened promising avenues for novel therapeutic approaches. This review highlights promising neuropharmacological targets that may alleviate the debilitating effects of neurodegenerative disorders. This review examines established yet emerging molecular targets in neurodegeneration, including protein aggregation, synaptic dysfunction, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) signaling. The review also explores ground-breaking therapeutic strategies that have transformed modern neuropharmacology. Recent advances in nanotechnology, gene therapy, immunotherapy, and in silico studies have revolutionized neurotherapeutics by enabling precise drug delivery, enhancing treatment efficacy, and facilitating personalized therapies. These innovations have also accelerated the discovery of novel compounds and improved prediction of therapeutic outcomes.