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Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Preparation of 1° Amines: Gabriel Synthesis

Direct alkylation is not a suitable method for synthesizing amines because it produces polyalkylated products. Gabriel synthesis is the most preferred method to exclusively make primary amines. The method uses phthalimide, which contains a protected form of nitrogen that participates in alkylation only once to predominantly give primary amines.
Strong bases like NaOH or KOH deprotonate the phthalimide to form the corresponding anion, which acts as a nucleophile. Further, the anion attacks an...

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Microscopic Visualization of Porous Nanographenes Synthesized through a Combination of Solution and On-Surface Chemistry

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Published on: March 4, 2021

Exploring On-Surface Synthesis under Mild Conditions.

Yi-Qi Zhang¹, Jonas Björk², Johannes V Barth³

¹Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.

Accounts of Chemical Research

|June 26, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Low-temperature on-surface reactions enable precise synthesis of novel 2D nanomaterials. This approach overcomes challenges of high temperatures, facilitating the creation of advanced carbon-rich materials like graphyne and graphdiyne for future technologies.

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Surface Chemistry
Nanotechnology

Background:

Bottom-up synthesis of functional materials using surface-mediated reactions under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) has focused on 1D polymers.
Synthesizing 2D covalent architectures faces challenges due to high temperatures causing defects and degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

Highlight the potential of low-temperature (LT) on-surface reactions for synthesizing novel materials.
Discuss unexploited capabilities of LT reactions, particularly on coinage metal surfaces.

Main Methods:

Focus on alkyne derivatives as versatile building blocks for carbon-rich nanomaterials.
Investigate four major LT reaction pathways: in situ catalysis, quantum tunneling, radical/hydrogen transfer, and gas-mediated reactions.
Utilize scanning probe microscopy, X-ray spectroscopies, and density functional theory calculations.

Main Results:

Demonstrated LT on-surface reactions proceed efficiently near or below room temperature (RT).
Enabled controlled synthesis of extended, regular 2D organometallic and covalent architectures.
Showcased potential for creating challenging all-carbon scaffolds like graphyne and graphdiyne.

Conclusions:

LT on-surface reactions offer high selectivity and efficiency for advanced material synthesis.
These methods pave the way for functional, ordered nanoarchitectures with atomic precision.
Contributes to the advancement of molecule-based materials for diverse technological applications.