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Related Concept Videos

Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

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Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
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The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

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The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
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Unrenewable Cells00:50

Unrenewable Cells

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In humans, the photoreceptor cells of the eye and sensory hair cells of the ear lack stem cells. These cells are thus unrenewable and cannot be replaced when they are damaged or destroyed.
Photoreceptors
The retina is composed of several layers and contains specialized cells called photoreceptors. The photoreceptors (rods and cones) change their membrane potential when stimulated by light energy. There are two types of photoreceptors—rods and cones—which differ in the shape of...
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Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

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Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
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Notch Signaling Pathway03:14

Notch Signaling Pathway

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The Notch signaling pathway is a major intracellular signaling pathway that is highly conserved over a broad spectrum of metazoan species. It stands unique from other intracellular signaling mechanisms in animals because notch protein itself acts as the receptor as well as the primary signaling molecule.
The Notch gene came into the limelight in 1914 after the discovery that its mutation in Drosophila melanogaster leads to a serrated (or "notched") wing margin phenotype. It was not...
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Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

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Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cultivating Mouse Hair Cells for Auditory Research
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Author Spotlight: Advancements in Cultivating Mouse Hair Cells for Auditory Research

Published on: September 15, 2023

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NOX2 Contributes to High-Frequency Outer Hair Cell Vulnerability in the Cochlea.

Meihao Qi1, Zejun Gao1, Yang Qiu1

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|June 26, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers identified NOX2 as a key factor in high-frequency hearing loss. Targeting NOX2 offers a potential therapeutic strategy for sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL).

Keywords:
NOX2Nrf2OHCsROShigh‐frequency vulnerabilitysingle‐cell RNA sequencing

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Area of Science:

  • Oto-neurology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) often begins with high-frequency hearing loss due to outer hair cell (OHC) vulnerability.
  • The molecular basis for this specific OHC susceptibility in high frequencies is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular mechanisms behind OHC vulnerability in the high-frequency region of the cochlea.
  • To identify potential therapeutic targets for SNHL.

Main Methods:

  • Single-cell RNA sequencing to identify differentially expressed genes.
  • Utilizing mouse models with neomycin and noise-induced cochlear damage.
  • Employing NOX2 knockout mice and Nrf2 inhibitors for mechanistic studies.
  • Screening compounds for protective effects against hearing loss.

Main Results:

  • NOX2 was identified as a differentially expressed gene linked to oxidative damage in OHCs.
  • NOX2 expression increased progressively from the cochlear apex to base.
  • NOX2 knockout mice showed reduced OHC damage and increased Nrf2 activity.
  • Ginsenoside Rg1 demonstrated protective effects against neomycin-induced hearing loss by targeting NOX2.

Conclusions:

  • NOX2 expression is significantly correlated with the vulnerability of high-frequency OHCs.
  • NOX2 is a promising therapeutic target for treating SNHL.
  • Modulating NOX2 and Nrf2 pathways may offer protective benefits against hearing loss.