Osteosarcopenic Adiposity and Vitamin D Status: A Comprehensive Review of the Current Evidence

The simultaneous manifestation of obesity, sarcopenia, and osteoporosis represents a condition known as osteosarcopenic adiposity (OSA). While evidence suggests that vitamin D status may influence the development of OSA, the results are still divergent, and no clear understanding of how vitamin D, through serum concentrations or supplementation, impacts OSA and its metabolic implications. Although several studies have explored the association between vitamin D and various diseases, research specifically focused on OSA is limited, making it unfeasible to conduct a systematic review. Thus, this integrative review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the relationship between vitamin D (dietary intake and 25-hydroxyvitamin D serum levels) and OSA. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE database. Overall, 16 studies were included (cross-sectional studies, n = 7; a scoping review, n = 1; and integrative reviews, n = 8). Observational studies consistently support the association between low levels of vitamin D and OSA, especially in females and older adults. However, this review highlights the lack of standardized diagnostic methods for OSA and the absence of clinical trials assessing the effect of vitamin D supplementation on this syndrome. Further research with a larger sample size is necessary to strengthen the findings. This is a promising area for research and could greatly improve the health and quality of life of people with OSA.