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How automatic are social judgments?

L Winter, J S Uleman, C Cunniff

    Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
    |October 1, 1985
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    People automatically infer personality dispositions when observing behavior. This automatic inference occurs during encoding, largely without intention or awareness, suggesting a fundamental cognitive process.

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    Area of Science:

    • Cognitive Psychology
    • Social Psychology
    • Social Cognition

    Background:

    • Understanding the automaticity of social perception is crucial for explaining human behavior.
    • Previous research has explored dispositional inference, but the degree of automaticity remains debated.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate whether people automatically infer personality dispositions when encoding behavior.
    • To examine the role of intention, cognitive load, and awareness in dispositional inference.

    Main Methods:

    • Adapted Tulving's encoding-specificity paradigm to assess automaticity.
    • Participants performed a digit-recall task (varying difficulty) while reading behavioral sentences.
    • Sentence recall was cued by dispositional, semantic, gist, or no cues.

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    Main Results:

    • Disposition-cued recall was significantly higher than other cue types, irrespective of digit recall difficulty.
    • Cognitive load (digit recall difficulty) did not impair dispositional inference.
    • Awareness of making dispositional inferences showed a weak correlation with recall performance.

    Conclusions:

    • Dispositional inferences appear to be largely automatic, occurring during the encoding of behavior.
    • These inferences are made without conscious intention and are not significantly affected by concurrent cognitive load.
    • While largely automatic, the process may involve some degree of awareness, though not strongly linked to recall accuracy.