Deep eutectic solvent-based pretreatment for improved cellulose nanofibrils extraction from sugarcane leaf pulp as...

Globally, 40 % of fossil-based plastics are used in food packaging, most of which are non-biodegradable, contributing to environmental pollution and potential health risks. This study explores the use of cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) from sugarcane leaf pulp as a reinforcing agent in biodegradable agar-based bioplastics, offering a sustainable alternative. CNF was extracted via deep eutectic solvents (DES) with three molar ratios of choline chloride and oxalic acid dihydrate (1:1, 1:2, 2:1), followed by surface modification. This study achieved a 61.3 % yield with a 1:1 DES ratio, 86.9 % cellulose content, 45.5 % crystallinity, and a thermal degradation temperature (T_dmax) of 334.5 °C. CNF surface modification significantly enhanced the bioplastic's mechanical strength, water resistance, and thermal stability. Additionally, increasing DES-treated CNF concentrations (5 %-25 %) improved bioplastic performance. This optimization not only utilizes agricultural waste but also creates high-quality, eco-friendly bioplastics that align with industrial standards for sustainable packaging solutions.