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Occupational Risk from Avian Influenza Viruses at Different Ecological Interfaces Between 1997 and 2019.

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Avian influenza virus (AIV) can infect workers through contact with infected birds or contaminated environments. This review highlights occupational risks and emphasizes workplace surveillance for AIV, crucial for public health and pandemic prevention.

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Area of Science:

  • * Veterinary Public Health
  • * Occupational Medicine
  • * Zoonotic Disease Epidemiology

Background:

  • * Occupational exposure to avian influenza virus (AIV) in poultry and wild birds presents a significant health risk.
  • * Understanding the ecological interfaces and transmission routes is vital for preventing AIV infection in workers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • * To identify ecological interfaces between domestic poultry, wild birds, and workers concerning AIV.
  • * To highlight the occupational risks associated with AIV exposure in various poultry farming and market settings.

Main Methods:

  • * Systematic literature review of virological and serological studies on AIV in workers.
  • * Searched PubMed and Scopus databases for articles published up to August 2019.
  • * Analyzed 94 relevant studies (11 virological, 67 serological, 16 mixed).

Main Results:

  • * AIV infection in workers primarily linked to H5, H7, and H9 subtypes, with H10 also reported virologically.
  • * Serological studies detected exposure to hemagglutinin subtypes H4-H11.
  • * Workers in large-scale industrial farms/markets showed higher representation, while small-scale/backyard farm workers had broader subtype exposure; wild bird exposure linked to H5, H9, H11.

Conclusions:

  • * Direct contact with infected birds or contaminated environments is a primary route for occupational AIV infection.
  • * AIV spillover poses severe health risks to workers and potential pandemic threats.
  • * Workplace surveillance and early detection of AIV, adopting a One Health approach, are critical public health priorities.