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Related Concept Videos

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling01:11

Aryldiazonium Salts to Azo Dyes: Diazo Coupling

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The reaction of weakly electrophilic aryldiazonium (also called arenediazonium) salts with highly activated aromatic compounds leads to the formation of products with an —N=N— link, called an azo linkage. This reaction, presented in Figure 1, is known as diazo coupling and occurs without the loss of the nitrogen atoms of the aryldiazonium salt. Highly activated aromatic compounds such as phenols or arylamines favor the diazo coupling reaction. The coupling generally occurs at the...
3.1K
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

1.1K
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
1.1K
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

2.2K
Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
2.2K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

681
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
681
Metal-Ligand Bonds02:51

Metal-Ligand Bonds

21.5K
The hemoglobin in the blood, the chlorophyll in green plants, vitamin B-12, and the catalyst used in the manufacture of polyethylene all contain coordination compounds. Ions of the metals, especially the transition metals, are likely to form complexes.
In these complexes, transition metals form coordinate covalent bonds, a kind of Lewis acid-base interaction in which both of the electrons in the bond are contributed by a donor (Lewis base) to an electron acceptor (Lewis acid). The Lewis acid in...
21.5K
Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN101:14

Nucleophilic Aromatic Substitution of Aryldiazonium Salts: Aromatic SN1

2.2K
Treating arylamines with nitrous acid gives aryldiazonium salts that are effective substrates in nucleophilic aromatic substitution reactions. The diazonio group in these salts can be easily displaced by different nucleophiles, yielding a wide variety of substituted benzenes. The leaving group departs as nitrogen gas, and this easy elimination is the driving force for the substitution reaction.
In the Sandmeyer reaction, for example, the diazonio group is replaced by a chloro, bromo,...
2.2K

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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Cercosporin-Photocatalyzed [4+1]- and [4+2]-Annulations of Azoalkenes Under Mild Conditions
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Phenolic Azobenzene as Ligand for Cation Complexation-Syntheses and Applications.

Jan Hočevar1, Jernej Iskra1, Estelle Leonard2

  • 1University of Ljublana, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Večna pot 113, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.

Molecules (Basel, Switzerland)
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Phenolic azobenzenes are versatile functional materials. This review details their synthesis, cation binding mechanisms, and applications in sensing, catalysis, and solar cells.

Keywords:
DSSC dyesazobenzenecation complexescolorimetric sensorsphenolphotoisomerization

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Organic Chemistry
  • Supramolecular Chemistry

Background:

  • Phenolic azobenzenes exhibit photoisomerization and cation complexation.
  • These properties make them attractive for advanced functional materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively review recent advancements in phenolic azobenzene derivatives.
  • Focusing on synthesis, properties, and applications in cation binding and complexation.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of diverse synthetic strategies for phenolic azobenzenes.
  • Discussion of cation complexation mechanisms, including the role of phenolic hydroxyl and azobenzene groups.
  • Analysis of coordination chemistry involved in complex formation.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of synthetic routes.
  • Elucidation of cation binding mechanisms and coordination chemistry.
  • Summary of applications in ion sensing, catalysis, and biological/DSSC fields.

Conclusions:

  • Phenolic azobenzenes are promising for cation binding applications.
  • Their photoresponsive and complexation properties enable diverse technological uses.
  • Further research can optimize their performance in sensing, catalysis, and energy conversion.