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The attack of a nucleophile at the β carbon of an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound is called conjugate addition. Conjugate addition reactions of active methylene compounds, such as β-diketones, β-keto esters, β-keto nitriles, and α-nitro ketones, are called Michael addition reactions.
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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The word polymer is derived from the Greek words “poly” which means “many” and “mer” which means “parts”. Polymers are long chains of molecules composed of repeating units of smaller molecules, known as monomers. They either occur naturally, such as DNA and proteins, or can be constructed synthetically, like plastics. They have varied structural characteristics, such as linear chains, branched chains, or complex networks, that contribute to the...
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Acyclic diene metathesis polymerization or ADMET polymerization involves cross-metathesis of terminal dienes, such as 1,8-nonadiene, to give linear unsaturated polymer and ethylene. As ADMET is a reversible process, the formed ethylene gas must be removed from the reaction mixture to complete the polymerization process.
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Electrophilic addition of halogens to alkenes proceeds via a cyclic halonium ion to form a 1,2-dihalide or a vicinal dihalide.
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Bio-Based Flame-Retardant Systems for Polymers Obtained via Michael 1,4-Addition.

Kamila Salasinska1, Mateusz Barczewski2, Mikelis Kirpluks3

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Summary

This study developed new bio-sourced flame retardants using peanut shells and melamine phosphate to reduce polymer flammability. The modified polymers demonstrated significantly improved fire safety characteristics.

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chemical compositionflammabilityintumescent flame retardantplant fillersthermal properties

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Fire Safety Engineering

Background:

  • Phosphorus flame retardants enhance char formation via esterification with cellulose hydroxyl groups.
  • Bio-sourced flame retardants are increasingly sought after for sustainable material applications.
  • Lignocellulosic components offer potential as replacements for synthetic flame retardants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the flammability of a new polymer synthesized by Michael 1,4-addition (rP).
  • To evaluate novel intumescent flame retardant systems (FRs) incorporating lignocellulose.
  • To compare the performance of modified polymers against unmodified rP and commercial flame retardants.

Main Methods:

  • Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis (DMTA) for thermal and thermomechanical properties.
  • Pyrolysis Combustion Flow Calorimetry (PCFC) for flammability assessment.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis coupled with Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (TGA/FT-IR) for evolved gas analysis.

Main Results:

  • The polymer modified with melamine phosphate (MP) and peanut shells (PS) showed notable improvements in fire safety.
  • Significant reductions in heat release rate and heat release capacity were observed.
  • The developed FR systems demonstrated effectiveness comparable to or exceeding commercial intumescent flame retardants (IFR).

Conclusions:

  • The developed intumescent flame retardant system, particularly MP and PS, effectively reduces the flammability of new polymers.
  • Incorporating lignocellulose components like peanut shells is a viable strategy for creating sustainable flame-retardant materials.
  • The study provides a foundation for further development of bio-sourced flame retardants for enhanced polymer fire safety.