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Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

States of Matter and Phase Changes

States of Matter and Phase Changes

The internal energy of a substance—the total kinetic energy of all its molecules and the potential energy of their associated forces—depends on the strength of the intermolecular forces in the condensed phases and the pressure exerted on the substance. The internal energy of a substance is the highest in the gaseous state, the lowest in the solid state, and intermediate in the liquid state. Phase transitions are caused by changes in physical conditions, such as temperature and...

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Orientational Transition in a Liquid Crystal Triggered by the Thermodynamic Growth of Interfacial Wetting Sheets

Published on: May 15, 2017

Pressure-Induced Structural Phase Transition in Ho₂Ce₂O₇ Oxide.

Tao Lv¹, Jia Qv¹, Limin Yan¹

¹State Key Laboratory of High Pressure and Superhard Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

|June 27, 2025

Summary

High pressure transforms Ho2Ce2O7

Keywords:

Ho2Ce2O7 high pressure structural phase transition the rare earth C-type structure

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Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Solid-State Chemistry
High-Pressure Physics

Background:

Ho2Ce2O7 exhibits a C-type cubic rare earth oxide structure at ambient conditions.
Understanding structural stability under pressure is crucial for materials applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the structural evolution of Ho2Ce2O7 under high pressure.
To identify pressure-induced phase transitions and their characteristics.

Main Methods:

Synchrotron X-ray diffraction up to 31.5 GPa.
Raman spectroscopy up to 41.7 GPa.

Main Results:

A pressure-induced phase transition initiated at 23.8 GPa.
The transition involves cation disordering and coordination changes.
A metastable hexagonal phase (R-3c) coexists with the parent cubic phase (Ia-3) above the transition pressure.

Conclusions:

The structural transition in Ho2Ce2O7 is irreversible.
The high-pressure phase is retained upon decompression to ambient conditions.