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Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T Cells-mediated Immune Response

Cytotoxic T cells are a vital component of the immune system. They have the remarkable ability to identify and target antigens on infected or abnormal cells. These antigens often originate from intracellular pathogens such as viruses or abnormal proteins cancer cells produce.
Immunological surveillance is the ability of immune cells to monitor and eliminate infected cells with intracellular pathogens, neoplastically transformed cells, and cells with non-self antigens. Cytotoxic T cells and NK...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Identifying PD-1/PD-L1 Inhibitors with Surface Plasmon Resonance Technology

Published on: May 2, 2025

Negative Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors.

Magda Drewniak-Świtalska¹, Paulina Fortuna², Małgorzata Krzystek-Korpacka¹

¹Department of Biochemistry and Immunochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland.

|June 27, 2025

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Small-molecule and peptide checkpoint inhibitors offer advantages over antibodies for cancer therapy. New PROTACs degrade immune-suppressing proteins, enhancing T-lymphocyte activation against cancer.

Keywords:

PROTAC immune checkpoint peptide inhibitors small-molecule inhibitors

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Last Updated: Sep 18, 2025

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Area of Science:

Immunology
Oncology
Pharmacology

Background:

Checkpoint inhibitors unlock the immune system to fight cancer, metabolic diseases, and infections by activating T lymphocytes.
Current monoclonal antibody therapies (e.g., pembrolizumab, nivolumab) face limitations like poor tissue penetration and potential autoimmune responses due to large molecular size.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore small-molecule, peptide, and PROTAC inhibitors targeting negative immune checkpoints.
To highlight the advantages of smaller molecular inhibitors in overcoming the limitations of antibody-based therapies.

Main Methods:

Review and description of small-molecule inhibitors targeting immune checkpoints.
Analysis of peptide inhibitors for immune checkpoint modulation.
Introduction of Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras (PROTACs) for targeted protein degradation of immune suppressors.

Main Results:

Small-molecule and peptide inhibitors demonstrate improved tissue penetration, oral bioavailability, and reduced immunogenicity compared to antibodies.
PROTACs offer a novel mechanism by degrading proteins that suppress the immune response.
The study covers inhibitors for multiple negative immune checkpoints: CTLA-4, PD-1, VISTA, TIM-3, BTLA-4, LAG-3, and TIGIT.

Conclusions:

Small-molecule, peptide, and PROTAC inhibitors represent a promising next generation of immunotherapies.
These novel drug modalities offer enhanced efficacy and safety profiles for cancer treatment and other immune-related diseases.