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Water-reducers, or plasticizers, are chemical admixtures used in concrete to improve strength and workability. These additives reduce the water-cement ratio without compromising workability, lower the cement content while maintaining the same workability, or increase workability to assist concrete placement in inaccessible areas.
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Polymerization generates chiral centers along the entire backbone of a polymer chain. Accordingly, the stereochemistry of the substituent group has a significant effect on polymer properties. Polymers formed from monosubstituted alkene monomers feature chiral carbons at every alternate position in the polymer backbone. Relative to the predominant orientation of substituents at the adjacent chiral carbons, the polymer can exist in three different configurations: isotactic, syndiotactic, and...
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Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
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Updated: Sep 18, 2025

Author Spotlight: 3D Movement Assessment of Maxillary Posterior Teeth in Clear Aligner Treatment
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Thermoplastics for Clear Aligners: A Review.

José Ignacio Delgado1,2, Pablo Kehyaian1, Juan P Fernández-Blázquez2

  • 1Secret Aligner S.L., C/ Sangenjo 34, 28034 Madrid, Spain.

Polymers
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Clear aligner treatment (CAT) materials are rapidly evolving, with new thermoplastics offering improved properties. This review analyzes material characteristics, effectiveness, comfort, and emerging trends like 3D printed aligners.

Keywords:
alignersdentalforcethermoplastic

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Area of Science:

  • Orthodontics and Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials Engineering

Background:

  • The widespread adoption of clear aligner treatment (CAT) has led to a surge in new thermoplastic materials.
  • These materials claim enhanced properties and patient comfort, necessitating a comprehensive review.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize the properties of current thermoplastics used in clear aligner treatment.
  • To evaluate their impact on treatment effectiveness and patient comfort.
  • To explore emerging trends like shape memory polymers (SMPs) and direct 3D printed aligners.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of material properties, including optical, biocompatibility, thermal, and mechanical aspects.
  • Analysis of in vivo simulation methods for material assessment.
  • Inclusion of environmental impact and future perspectives of CAT materials.

Main Results:

  • Thermoplastics vary significantly in properties, influencing clear aligner performance.
  • Emerging materials like SMPs and 3D printed aligners show promise for improved treatment outcomes.
  • Material selection is crucial for optimizing CAT effectiveness and patient comfort.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of material science is essential for advancing clear aligner technology.
  • Future research should focus on novel materials and sustainable practices in CAT.
  • Informed material selection can enhance treatment efficacy and patient satisfaction in orthodontics.