Local enrichment of cardiolipin to transient membrane undulations

Organelles such as mitochondria have characteristic shapes that are critical to their function. Recent efforts have revealed that the curvature contributions of individual lipid species can be a factor in the generation of membrane shape in these organelles. Inspired by lipidomics data from yeast mitochondrial membranes, we used Martini coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to investigate how lipid composition facilitates membrane shaping. We found that increasing lipid saturation increases bending rigidity while reducing the monolayer spontaneous curvature. We also found that systems containing cardiolipin exhibited decreased bending rigidity and increased spontaneous curvature when compared with bilayers containing its precursor, phosphatidylglycerol. This finding contradicts some prior experimental results that suggest that bilayers containing tetraoleoyl cardiolipin have greater rigidity than dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine bilayers. To investigate this discrepancy, we analyzed our simulations for correlations between lipid localization and local curvature. We found that there are transient correlations between curved lipids, such as cardiolipin and phosphatidylethanolamine, and curvature; these interactions enrich specific bilayer undulatory modes and cause bilayer softening. Furthermore, we show that curvature localization of some lipids such as cardiolipin can influence lipids in the opposing leaflet. These observations add to the emerging evidence that lipid geometric features give rise to local interactions, which can cause membrane compositional heterogeneities. The cross talk between composition-driven tuning of membrane properties and membrane shape has implications for membrane organization and its related functions.