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lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

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In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA...
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Epigenetics is the study of inherited changes in a cell's phenotype without changing the DNA sequences. It provides a form of memory for the differential gene expression pattern to maintain cell lineage, position-effect variegation, dosage compensation, and maintenance of chromatin structures such as telomeres and centromeres. For example, the structure and location of the centromere on chromosomes are epigenetically inherited. Its functionality is not dictated or ensured by the underlying...
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Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
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Non-LTR Retrotransposons03:18

Non-LTR Retrotransposons

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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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siRNA - Small Interfering RNAs02:30

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Small interfering RNAs, or siRNAs, are short regulatory RNA molecules that can silence genes post-transcriptionally, as well as the transcriptional level in some cases. siRNAs are important for protecting cells against viral infections and silencing transposable genetic elements.
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MicroRNAs01:22

MicroRNAs

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MicroRNA (miRNA) are short, regulatory RNA transcribed from introns—non-coding regions of a gene—or intergenic regions—stretches of DNA present between genes. Several processing steps are required to form biologically active, mature miRNA. The initial transcript, called primary miRNA (pri-mRNA), base-pairs with itself forming a stem-loop structure. Within the nucleus, an endonuclease enzyme, called Drosha, shortens the stem-loop structure into hairpin-shaped pre-miRNA. After...
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TSIX: A Novel Long Noncoding RNA in Cancer Development and Progression.

Yibei Gui1,2,3, Jiale Zhao1,2,4, Wei Wu1,2,4

  • 1Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, China Three Gorges University, Yicheng, 443002, China.

Current Pharmaceutical Design
|June 27, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Long non-coding RNA TSIX is crucial for X-chromosome inactivation and cancer development. Aberrant TSIX expression in various tumors suggests its potential as a cancer biomarker and therapeutic target.

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LncRNA TSIXbiomarkers.cancerslong non-coding RNAmolecular mechanismtumorigenesis

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Oncology

Background:

  • Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are RNA molecules longer than 200 nucleotides that do not code for proteins.
  • The lncRNA TSIX (TSIX transcript, XIST antisense RNA) is vital for random X-chromosome inactivation.
  • Recent research indicates lncRNA TSIX involvement in various cancer types.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of lncRNA TSIX in tumorigenesis.
  • To explore the regulatory mechanisms of lncRNA TSIX in cancer.
  • To evaluate lncRNA TSIX as a potential cancer biomarker and therapeutic target.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of aberrant expression of lncRNA TSIX in diverse tumor types.
  • Investigation of lncRNA TSIX's mechanism of action, including miRNA binding and competitive endogenous RNA (ceRNA) regulation.
  • Assessment of the impact of lncRNA TSIX on cancer cell proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis.

Main Results:

  • LncRNA TSIX exhibits aberrant expression in multiple cancers, including breast, gastric, hepatocellular, head and neck, lung, esophageal squamous cell, and uterine smooth muscle.
  • LncRNA TSIX regulates mRNA expression via a ceRNA mechanism involving specific miRNAs.
  • This regulation affects key cancer cell behaviors such as proliferation, migration, invasion, and apoptosis.

Conclusions:

  • LncRNA TSIX plays a significant role in cancer development and progression.
  • The aberrant expression and regulatory functions of lncRNA TSIX highlight its potential as a novel cancer biomarker.
  • LncRNA TSIX represents a promising therapeutic target for various malignant cancers.